Sarawak tu sebengkah ari dua negeri Malaysia ti ba Pulau Borneo. Sarawak nyadi negeri ti pemadu besai ba menua Malaysia laban pemesai negeri Sarawak deka sama enggau pemesai Semenanjung Malaysia. Sarawak ngembuan sempadan enggau Sabah ba Timur Laut, Kalimantan, Indonesia ba Selatan, enggau Brunei ba Barat Laut. Indu nengri Kuching nyadi palan ekonomi enggau alai endur perintah nengri Sarawak. Nitih ka pansik ba taun 2020, Sarawak bisi ngembuan penyampau 2,453,000 orang.[18] Batang Rajang ianya sungai ka pemadu panjai ba Malaysia bisi ba negeri Sarawak; Tekat Ai Bakun , siti ari tekat ai ke pemadu besai ba Asia Tenggara, digaga ba anak sungai Batang Rajang, Sungai Balui. Gunung Murud nya punchak ka pengabis tinggi ba Sarawak. Sarawak nyadi siti-siti nya negeri ti ngembuan orang Kristian ti majoriti.[19]
Sarawak | |
|---|---|
| Sarawak Bumi Kenyalang Negeri Sarawak (Melayu) | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
| Nickname(s): | |
| Motto(s): Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti | |
| Anthem: Ibu Pertiwiku My Motherland[2] | |
 Sarawak in Malaysia | |
OpenStreetMap | |
| Coordinates: 2°30′N 113°00′E / 02.5°N 113.0°E | |
| Menua |  Malaysia |
| Kesultanan Sarawak | 1599 |
| Raj Sarawak | 24 September 1841 |
| Penguasa Jipun | 16 September 1941 |
| Koloni Mahkota | 1 Julai 1946 |
| Pemeri perintah diri | 22 July 1963[3][4] |
| Begabung nyadi Malaysia | 16 September 1963[5][6] |
| Indu nengeri (enggau nengeri ke pemadu besai) | Kuching |
| Begian | |
| Government | |
| • Type | Parlimentari parti dominan demokrasi pengari |
| • Yang di-Pertua Negeri | Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar |
| • Premier | Abang Abdul Rahman Johari (GPS–PBB) |
| Legislatur | Legislative Assembly (82 seats) |
| Pengari federal | Parlimen Malaysia |
| • Kerusi Dewan Rayat | 31 of 222 (14.0%) |
| • Kerusi Dewan Negara | 2 of 70 (2.9%) |
| Pemesai | |
| • Total | 124,450 km2 (48,050 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 2,424 m (7,953 ft) |
| Penyampau mensia | |
| • Total |  2,907,500 (5th) |
| • Pemadat | 23/km2 (60/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Sarawakian |
| Jaku | |
| • Resmi | |
| • Other spoken | |
| Demografik (2023) | |
| • Raban bansa[10] | |
| • Pengarap[8] |
|
| Time zone | UTC+8 (JSM[11]) |
| Kod pos | |
| Kod talipaun | 082 to 086[14] |
| ISO 3166 code | MY-13 |
| Vehicle registration | QA to QT[15] |
| HDI (2022) | 0.824[16] very high · 5th |
| GDP (nominal) | 2022 |
| • Total | $45.405 billion (RM 199.786 billion)[17] (3rd) |
| • Per kapita | $18,377 (RM 80,857)[17] (3rd) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2022 |
| • Total | $88.709 billion (3rd) |
| • Per capita | $51,175 (3rd) |
| Tisi deriba | Kiba |
| Voltan elektrik | 230 V, 50 Hz |
| Mata duit | Ringgit Malaysia (RM/MYR) |
| Website | Official website |
Endur ka paling tumu alai mensia diau ianya ba Gua Niah, ti dipekira umur lebih 40,000 tahun nyin suba. Bemacham kerimpak seramik Cina ti dipekira ari abad ke-8 enggau ke-13 udah ditemu ka ba alai arkeologis Santubong. Sepemanjai pantai Sarawak, kala dipegai Brunei ba abad ke-16. Ba taun 1839, James Brooke, seiku pelayar British, datai ba Sarawak. Iya enggau peturun iya, merintah menua Sarawak ari taun 1841 ngagai 1946. Lebuh maya Perang Dunya Ke-2, Sarawak diperintah Jipun sepengelama tiga taun. Sepengudah perang, Rajah Putih ti ka penudi, Charles Vyner Brooke, nyerahka Sarawak ngagai Britain. Ba 22 Julai 1963, Sarawak diberi British kuasa kena megai perintah kediri empu. Lalu, ba 16 September 1963, Sarawak bela enggau numbuhka Malaysia. Taja pan pia, penumbuh Malaysia dibangkang Indonesia, lalu ngujungka konfrantasi sepengelama tiga taun. Menua Malaysia seketegal deka ngurangka pengganas Komunis ti bepengujung ba taun 1990.
Tuai negeri ianya Gabenor, ti diberi nama, Yang di-Pertua Negeri, lalu tuai perintah menua Sarawak ianya Premier. Sarawak dipegai-urus ngagai begian, enggau pelilih menua, ti udah diatur nitihka Sistem Parlimen Westminister, sepengudah dipegai British. Nitihka Konstitusyen Malaysia, Sarawak ngembuan kuasa autonomi ti besar agi ari negeri ba Semenanjung Malaysia.
Ekonomi Sarawak kebendar agi lebih ba ekspot. Laban ti ngembuan asil asal ti mayuh, ekspot Sarawak suah agi ba minyak ngau gas, balak, enggau minyak kelapa sawit. Taja pan pia, Sarawak mega bisi sektor pembuatan, energi enggau dagang temuai. Sarawak ngembuan mayuh pupu bansa, adat, enggau jaku. Bansa ti bisi ba Sarawak iya nya, Iban, Melayu, China, Melanau, Bidayuh, enggau Orang Ulu. Jaku Inggeris enggau jaku Melayu bela nyadi jaku rasmi negeri; lalu Sarawak nadai ngembuan pengarap rasmi.
Etimologi
Asal leka jaku Sarawak ianya ari jaku Melayu Sarawak, serawak tauka Cerava ti diberi nama orang Portugis lebuh kurun ke-16, ti mai reti Tin tauka Timah[20]. Lebuh maya nya Sarawak bisi ngembuan deposit Timah ti chukup mayuh. Bisi mega teori ti madah nama Sarawak datai ari leka jaku "Saya serah kepada awak" tauka dikepandak nyadi "sarawak", ti mai reti "aku nyerah diri ke nuan". Leka jaku nya disebut Pangeran Muda Hashim (ayak Sultan Brunei) lebuh maya ia meri Sarawak ke James Brooke. Taja pia, teori tu disangkal laban leka jaku "awak" nadai ba jaku Melayu Sarawak sebedau Malaysia ditubuhka
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Sarawak dikelala enggau nama "Bumi Kenyalang" (Menua Kenyalang). Kenyalang endang besai amat reti ba orang Dayak. Enti nitihka cherita, enti nyema kenyalang terebai atas rumah, ia deka mai tuah timpah ngagai orang ti beempu rumah nya. Sarawak bisi ngembuan lapan ari lima pulum empat spesis burung kenyalang ti bisi ba dunya tu.
Sejarah
Ditemu pemisi orang ti diau ba Mulu Barat, Gua Niah (bepanggai ba 110 kilometer ari barat daya Miri) 40,000 taun ti udah.[21][22] Keruntuk mensia moden ti ditemu semak Gua Niah ianya mensia ti pemadu tuai ti bisi ba Malaysia enggau Asia Tenggara[22][21]. Seramik China ti datai ari dinasti Tang enggau Song (Taun 8 nyentuk 13 Masihi, tiap-tiap) ditemu ba Santubong (semak Kuching) nunjukka penguntung Santubong nyadi pengkalan kapal ai[23].
Ba kurun ke-7, bisi penduduk ti diberi nama Vijayapura, siti nengeri vasal ba empayar Srivijaya ti ngempu tanah ba barat laut pulau Borneo.[24] Endur tu ditujuka menua Brunei, ti ditemu ari penerang Arab enggau nama "Sribuza"[25]. Penyadi perintah Musa (Muja, ianya Brunei lama) bepekat enggau perintah Mayd (entara Ma-i or Madja-as ba menua Filipin), belaban enggau Empayar China bisi ditulis pengarang ari Arab, Al Ya'akubi dalam 800 rekod.[26] Sepengudah penjajah Chola ari India ba Srivijaya, Datu Puti mimpin datu-datu ari Pulau Sumatera enggau Pulau Borneo ngelaban Rajah Makatunao (ti dikumbai Rajah Tugao dalam perintah Melanau ba Sarawak) ti dipilih perintah Chola tauka anak peturun Seri Maharajah (ditulis ba rekod China). Datu-datu nya nguji ngidupka baru perintah Srivijaya ba menua baru ti dikumbai Madja-as ba pulau-pulau Visaya (raban pulau ti bulih nama ari Srivijaya) ba menua Filipina. Nitih ke penulis ari Friar Augustinian Rev. Fr. Santaren maya era Sepanyol, sepengudah 10 Datu-Datu numbuhka mayuh kuta ba Panay enggau Luzon Selatan, Datu Macatunao tauka Rajah Makatunao ti ngempu gelar "Sultan Moro," enggau kaban belayan Datu Puti ti ngerampas reta enggau pengaya sepuluh datu, lalu dibunuh penglima ti benama Labaodungon enggau Paybare.
Empayar Brunei ditubuhka ba begian pesisir Sarawak ba tengan abad ke-15[27], lalu pelilih menua Kuching dikumbai kartografer Portugis enggau nama Cerava maya abad ke-16, siti ari lima pengakalan kapal ai ba Borneo.[28][29] Ba abad ke-19, empayar Brunei makin menusut, ngetanka pemegai ba pelilih pantai ba Sarawak ti diperintah pemerintah Orang Laut. Jauh ari pantai, bisi perang berebutka menua ti nyadi entara orang Iban enggau orang Kenyah-Kayan.[30]
Tin tauka biji antimoni udah ditemu ba tanah Kuching udah diiring Pangeran Indera Mahkota, pengari Sultan Brunei, kena majakka pemansang ba menua tu ba entara taun 1824 nyentukka taun 1830. Lebuh maya pengawa ngeluarka antimoni majak nambah, perintah Sultan Brunei niki ka agi chukai lalu bisi pemantah ari orang asal.[31] Ba taun 1839, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (1827-1852), ngasuh ayak ia Pangeran Muda Hashim ngaduka pemantah tu, tang ia enda ulih ngaga pengawa tu, nya alai ia minta bantu ari pelaut British ianya James Brooke. Pemujur Brooke dalam ngancurka pemantah nya ngujungka sida diberi antimoni, reta enggau gelar gabenor Sarawak ti maya nya, Sarawak agi nyengkaum begian mit ti diberatka ba Kuching.[32][33]
Sebilik Brooke, ti kepenudinya dikumbai Rajah Putih, berengkah ngemesaika menua ti udah diberi ke sida.[34] Berengkah ari taun 1841, Sarawak diseraraka nyadi begian pemerintah ti keterubah[35], enggau mata duit kediri ianya Dolar Sarawak ti berengkah dikena maya taun 1858. Ba taun 1912, Sarawak dibagika nyadi 5 begian ti diperintah siti Residen genap iti begian.[35] Sebilik Brooke ngereja ka pemerintah paternalistik enggau birokrasi ti minima, tang sida diguai nubuhka sekeda rengka undang-undang. Ketegal sida enda nemu adat orang asal, pemerintah Brooke nubuhka Raban Kunsil Tetinggi ti nyengkaum tuai-tuai orang Laut ti ulih meri iring. Kunsil tu nyadi gempuru perundangan ti pemadu tuai ba Malaysia, enggau aum ti keterubah nyadi ba Bintulu lebuh taun 1867.[36] Ba taun 1928, siti Pegawai Akim, Thomas Stirling Boyd, udah dilantik nyadi akim keterubah ti dikemendarka undang-undang. Sistem sama ti bekaul enggau pekara-pekara bemacham komuniti orang Cina udah ditubuhka.[37] Orang-orang asal pan diransang perintah Brooke deka beratika dalam sekeda fungsi ba menua Sarawak: orang Iban enggau orang Dayak ti bukai diterima dalam pengawa soldadu seraya orang Laut diterima dalam pengawa pengatur. Orang Cina diberi pengawa ba ladang,[38] lombong enggau nyadi birokrat.[37] Pengawa dagang ti bekembang ngujung ke penubuh Borneo Company Limited ba taun 1856. Kompeni tu bisi bekaul mayuh macham bisnes baka pengawa dagang, pengawa bank, pengawa betanam betupi, pengawa penemu mineral enggau pengawa pemangsang.[39]
Entara taun 1853 nyentukka 1862, bisi sekeda penentang ngelaban perintah Brooke tang semua nya ulih ditagang enggau bantu ari orang asal Sarawak kediri.[37] Kena ngetanka diri ari kena serang raban bujang berani tauka bala tuai-tuai kayau kelia, bisi sekeda kubu udah digaga baka Kubu Margherita di Kuching, Kubu Alice di Sri Aman enggau Kubu Emma di Kanowit.[40]
Charles Anthoni Brooke nganti aya iya nyadi Rajah Putih ba taun 1868. Baruh perintah iya, Sarawak bulih menua Limbang, Baram enggau lebak Trusan ari Sultan Brunei. Sepengudah nya, Sarawak nyadi menua naungan British[41]. Maya nya, British nguruska hal luar nengeri tang perintah Brooke ulih ngatur menua Sarawak empu. Ba dalam menua, Brooke ngaga Muzium Sarawak, muzium ti pemadu tuai ba Borneo ba taun 1891[42][40] sereta mai pemaik ba Marudi enggau ngujungka perang entara bansa-bansa ba dia. Pemansang ekonomi diteruska, enggau pengawa ngali minyak ba taun 1910 enggau pemuka Brooke Dockyard dua taun udah nya. Anthony Brooke ti nyadi Rajah Muda ba taun 1939 diadaka ba taun 1912.[43]
Pengerami 100 taun Brooke ba Sarawak diatur ba taun 1941. Maya pengerami nya, konstitusyen ti baru dikelalaka ngena nyekat kuasa Rajah enggau meri rayat Sarawak tanggung pengawa ti besai agi ba perintah. Taja pia, konstitusyen tu enda sempat dikena semua laban Jipun udah jajah Sarawak.Ba urung taun ti sama, British nyurutka soldadu udara enggau laut ti nyaga Sarawak ke menua Singapore. Enggau penyadi Sarawak ti enda dilindung manah, rejim Brooke ngaga polisi "bumi angus". Endur pemasang minyak ba Miri deka dipunaska enggau pengkalan padang bilun Kuching mengkang dijaga sepengelama ti ulih sebedau endur nya dipunaska. Taja pia, siti invasi Jipunke diuluka Kiyotake Kawaguchi datai ba Miri ba 16 Disember 1941 enggau ngambi nengeri Kuching ba 24 Disember 1941. Soldadu darat British udah ngundurka diri ngagai Singkawang, sepiak Borneo Belanda. Sepengudah sepuluh minggu belaban dia, bala soldadu besekutu udah nyerahka diri ba 1 April 1942. Charles Vyner Brooke, Rajah Putih Sarawak ke penudi udah rari ngagai Sydney, Australia; lebuh nya, bala pegawai iya udah ditangkap lalu diseraraka ba Kem Batu Lintang.
Sarawak mengkang nyadi begian ari Empayar Jipun sepengelama tiga taun enggau lapan bulan. Maya nya, menua Sarawak dibagika ngagai tiga menua - Kuching-shu, Sibu-shu, dan Miri-shu - siti-siti di baruh Gabenor diri empu. Angkatan Berikat udah nya ngereja Operasi Semut deka sabotaj pengawa Jipun ba Sarawak. Maya perang Borneo Utara, soldadu Australia datai ba kandang endur Lutong-Miri ba 20 Jun 1945 lalu ngerembus penyauh Marudi enggau Limbang sebedau ngemaduka operasyen sida ba Sarawak. Sepengudah penyerah alah Jipun, Jipun nyerah diri ngagai soldadu Australia ba Labuan ba 10 September 1945. Sarawak alu diengkah ba baruh Perintah Soldadu British enggau diatur Soldadu Imperial Australia nyentuk bulan April 1946.
Laban bisi pengurang tengkira deka nirika Sarawak sepengudah perang, Charles Vyner Brooke mutuska meri Sarawak nyadi Koloni Mahkota British sereta Undan-undan Sidang ditubuhka ba Kunsil Negeri (diatu Dewan Undangan Negeri Sarawak) ti dijuraika penemu sepengelama tiga hari. Undan-undan nya dipaska ba 17 Mei 1946 enggau majoriti sempit (19 ngelaban 16 undi). Nya ngasuh beratus-ratus pekerja perintah Melayu badu kereja deka mantah, ngaga pejalai anti-penyerah sereta pemunuh gabenor penjajah kedua Sarawak, Sir Duncan Steward. Taja bisi pengelaban, Sarawak nyadi Koloni Mahkota British ba 1 Julai 1946. Anthony Brooke ngelaban penyerah Sarawak ngagai Koloni Mahkota British, ngujungka iya diburu pansut perintah kolonial ari Sarawak. Iya baru diulihka pulai 17 taun sepengudah Sarawak nyadi siti ari begian Malaysia. Ba taun 1950, semua pejalai anti-penyerah ba Sarawak ngetu sepengudah dipunaska perintah kolonial.
Maya 27 Mei 1961, Tunku Abdul Rahman, perdana menteri Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, beterangka perambu nubuhka federasi ti besai agi enggau Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah enggau Brunei, ti deka dikumbai Malaysia. Ba 17 Januari 1962, Komisyen Cobbold ditubuhka deka ngitung sukung Sarawak enggau Sabah ngagai perambu nua; Komisyen Cobbold madahka 80 peratus sukung ngagai federasi. Ba 23 Oktober 1962, lima parti politik ba Sarawak ngaga siti barisan besatu ti nyukung penubuh Malaysia. Sarawak enggau resmi diberika perintah kediri maya 22 Julai 1963, sereta nyadi federasi enggau Malaya, Borneo Utara (diatu Sabah), enggau Singapore deka nubuhka federasi Malaysia maya 16 September 1963.
Perintah Filipina enggau Indonesia ngelaban penubuh federasi, baka nya mega Parti Rayat Brunei enggau raban komunis ti bepengkalan ba Sarawak, sereta maya taun 1962, Pengelaban Brunei udah nyadi. Presiden Indonesia Sukarno malas enggau nusun sukarela ti besenyata enggau, udah nya, bala soldadu ngagai Sarawak. Beribu bala komunis Sarawak ngagai Kalimantan, begian Borneo ba Indonesia, lalu belatih enggau Partai Komunis Indonesia. Konfrontasyen ti pemadu tegang nyadi ba Plaman Mapu ba April 1965. Pengalah Indonesia ba Plaman Mapu ngujungka pengelabuh Sukarno lalu iya udah diganti Suharto nyadi presiden Indonesia. Perunding diberengkah baru entara Malaysia enggau Indonesia ti mai ngagai pengujung konfrontasi ba 11 Ogos 1966.
Sekeda raban komunis udah bisi ba Sarawak, keterubahnya ia nya, Liga Pemuda Demokrat Cina Luar Negara Sarawak, ditubuh maya taun 1951. Siti agi raban, Parti Komunis Kalimantan Utara (NKCP) (ti dikumbai penerang perintah mega Organisasi Komunis Klandestin (CCO)) ditubuhka enggau resmi ba taun 1970. Seduai Weng Min Chyuan enggau Bong Kee Chok nya dua kepala komunis ti agi tebilang ti bisi nyengkaum dalam pengelaban nya. Maya gaya politik berubah, makin tusah ngagai komunis deka bepengawa. Nya ngasuh Bong berunding enggau kepala menteri Abdul Rahman Ya'kub ba taun 1973, ngujungka iya nyain sempekat enggau perintah. Weng ti mindah ke menua China ba tengah 1960-an tang agi mengkang ngawal CCO, neruska pengelaban besenyata ti beterus ngagai perintah taja bisi sempekat tu. Konflik tu beteruska ba rantau Batang Rajang tang sepengudah nya tembu maya 17 Oktober 1990, NKCP nyain sempekat likun enggau perintah Sarawak.
Politik
Perintah
| |||
| Parti | Kepala Gempuru | Status | Kerusi (Undi 2021) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gempung Parti Sarawak (GPS) | Abang Abdul Rahman Zohari Abang Openg | Perintah | 40 |
| Parti Sarawak Bersatu (PSB) | Wong Soon Koh | Pemangkang | 10 |
| Pakatan Harapan (PH) | Chong Chieng Jen | 32 | |
| Penyampau | 82 | ||
| Perintah majoriti | 70 | ||
Kepala menua Sarawak ia nya Yang di-Pertua Negeri (dikumbai mega TYT tauka Gabenor Sarawak), penuduk ti pemadu simbolik ti dipilih Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Raja Malaysia) atas lalau perintah federasi Malaysia. Ari taun 2024 pengawa tu dipegai Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar. TYT mega nyiri Premier Sarawak, ti depegai Abang Johari Tun Openg (GPS), nyadi kepala perintah Sarawak. Kesuah agi, tuai parti ti merintahka majoriti Dewan Undangan Negeri dipilih nyadi Premier Sarawak; Pengari ti dipilih enggau chara demokratik dikumbai Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri (ADUN). Majelis Gempuru Perintah Sarawak bisi hak ngeluluska undan-undan pasal subjek ti nadai ba baruh bidang kuasa Parlimen Malaysia baka atur tanah, pengawa, hutan, imigresyen, pengawa kapal saudagar enggau pengawa berikan. Perintah negeri digaga Premier Sarawak, Sapit Premier, menteri-menteri kabinet, timbalan-timbalan menteri, enggau ahli-ahli Senator DUN Sarawak.
Ngena ngelindung kepenguna rakyat Sarawak ba federasyen Malaysia, pelindung istimewa udah ditamaka dalam Konstitusyen Malaysia. Nya nyengkaum: penagang imigresyen tama enggau pansut negeri sereta statuspendiau orang bukai rayat Sarawak enggau bukai rayat Sabah, batas ukum ngagai luyar residen, pengelepas Mahkamah Tinggi Perintah Sarawak ari Mahkamah Tinggi Semenanjung Malaysia, siti peneka ia nya Premier Sarawak deka diiring sebedau pemilih tuai akim Mahkamah Tinggi Perintah Sarawak, pemisi Mahkamah Anak Negeri ba Sarawak enggau kuasa deka ngenaka chukai bejual. Orang asal Sarawak mega ulih ngasai semua keistimewaan ti manah agi baka kuota khas dalam pengawa-pengawa perintah Sarawak, sadung pengawa ti manah agi dalam servis awan Sarawak sereta serikat-serikat swasta, bantu biasiswa, penempat pelajar Sarawak ba semua kolej enggau universiti serata Malaysia, program keusahawanan orang muda & indu, hak pemilik bisnes enggau mayuh agi keistimewaan ti orang asal Sarawak bulih. Perintah kandang endur ba Sarawak disemutika ari uum-ukum majlis tempatan ti digaga Parlimen Malaysia.
Parti-parti politik ba Sarawak ti pemayuh ulih dibagika ngagai tiga begian: parti politik bumiputera Sarawak (PBB dan PBM), parti politik Dayak Sarawak (PRS, PDP, PBDSB, ell.), enggau parti politik ukai Bumiputera Sarawak (SUPP, PSB, PBK, ell.); Parti-parti nya tadi, taja pia, ulih mega nyengkaum bala ari lebih ari satu raban. Parti politik ti keterubah, Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak (SUPP), digaga ba taun 1959, dinitih Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS) ba taun 1960 enggau Parti Kebangsaan Sarawak (SNAP) ba taun 1961. Parti-parti politik ukai baka Parti Pesaka Sarawak (PESAKA) ayan ba taun 1962. Parti-parti tu sepengudah nya nitih Parti Perikatan. Parti Perikatan (sepengudahnya nyadi Barisan Nasional) udah merintah Sarawak kenyau ari penubuh Malaysia. Pembangkang ba Sarawak enggau konsisten nuduh gabungan perintah ngena bemacham bansa taktik meli undi deka menang maya pengawa pemilih. Stephen Kalong Ningkan nyadi Ketua Menteri Sarawak ti keterubah ari 1963 nyentukka 1966 sepengudah iya menang dalam pengawa pemilih kunsil tempatan. Taja pia, iya udah diguling Tawi Sli ba taun 1966 enggau bantu perintah federal Malaysia, ngasuh penyadi penusah konsitusyen Sarawak 1966.
Ba taun 1969, pengawa pemilih ti keterubah ba Sarawak udah nyadi, enggau bala Majlis Negeri dipilih terus bala pengundi. Pengawa pemilih tu nandaka pemerengkah pemekuasa bansa Melanau ba Sarawak nengah Abdul Rahman Ya'kub dan Abdul Taib Mahmud. Ba taun ti sama, Parti Komunis Kalimantan Utara (NKCP) udah ditubuh ti sepengudah nya lancharka perang gerila ngagai perintah negeri Sarawak ti baru dipilih. Parti itu dipunaska sepengudah sida nyain sempekat pemaik ba taun 1990. Ba taun 1973, penubuh Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB) sepengudah pegabung sekeda parti. Parti tu udah nya nyadi tulang belakang pegabung BN Sarawak. Ba taun 1978, Parti Tindakan Demokratik (DAP) nyadi parti keterubah ti berpalan ba Malaysia Barat ti muka pampang iya ba Sarawak. Sarawak terubah iya, ngaga pengawa pemilih negeri sama enggau pengawa pemilih parlimen menua. Tang, kepala menteri maya nya, Abdul Rahman Ya'kub nangguhka pemubaran diwan negeri setaun bagi ngadang penanggul ti disaru parti-parti pembangkang. Tu nyadika Sarawak siti-siti negeri ba Malaysia ti ngaga pengawa pemilih negeri ti beserara ari pengawa pemilih parlimen menua ari taun 1979. Ba taun 1983, SNAP berengkah beserara nyadi sekeda parti-parti bukai ketegal penusah kepala ti betandu. Klimat politik ba negeri tu stabil nyentuk Urusan Mahkamah Ming 1987, siti penaban kuasa politik ti diberengkah aya Abdul Taib Mahmud deka nggulingka pegabung BN ti dituai Taib. Taja pia, penaban kuasa nya enda mujur lalu Taib mengkang nyadi kepala menteri.
Ari pengawa pemilih taun 2006, Parti Tindakan Demokratik (DAP) mulih pemayuh sukung iya ari pusat-pusat nengeri lalu nyadi parti pembangkang terbesai ba Sarawak. Ba tahun 2010, DAP ngaga gabungan Pakatan Rakyat enggau Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) enggau Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS); dua-dua iti parti tu berengkah aktif ba Sarawak entara 1996 enggau 2001. Sarawak siti-siti nya negeri ba Malaysia dini parti-parti komponen berpalan ba Malaysia Barat dalam pegabung BN, kelebih agi UMNO, enda aktif dalam politik negeri.
Perintah Sarawak
Sarawak dipegai Dewan Undangan Negeri enggau Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Sarawak. Dewan Undangan Negeri Sarawak ia nya kuasa tetinggi dalam netapka polisi ba dalam negeri. Raban Dewan Undangan Negeri betanggungjawap ngagai Dewan Undangan Negeri ti diarika bemacham orang ti dipilih ninting lima tahun. Diwan tu di baruh Yang di-Pertua Negeri ti dipilih Yang di-Pertuan Agong Malaysia. Jabatan Premier Sarawak ia nya tiang adminstrasyen begian ti bisi Pejabat Premier Sarawak, Pejabat Setiausaha Kerajaan Sarawak, sereta jabatan-jabatan perintah Sarawak ti bukai.
Begian enggau pelilih menua
Enda sebaka enggau Semenanjung Malaysia, Sarawak dibagika ngagai 12 iti begian, ti dituai siku residen ti dipilih.
| Begian ba Sarawak | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | ||||||
| Kod UPI | Begian | Penuduk (pansik 2020) |
Pemesai (km2) |
Kerusi | Pelilih menua (Pelilih mit) | Perintah asal |
| 1301 | Kuching | 812,900 | 1,794.18 | Kuching | 3 (5) | 5 |
| 1302 | Sri Aman | 111,500 | 5,466.25 | Simanggang | 2 (5) | 2 |
| 1303 | Sibu | 350,700 | 8,278.3 | Sibu | 3 | 3 |
| 1304 | Miri | 433,800 | 26,777 | Miri | 5 (11) | 3 |
| 1305 | Limbang | 103,100 | 7,790 | Limbang | 2 (5) | 2 |
| 1306 | Sarikei | 139,500 | 4,332.4 | Sarikei | 4 | 2 |
| 1307 | Kapit | 155,900 | 38,934 | Kapit | 4 (6) | 3 |
| 1308 | Samarahan | 187,500 | 2,927.5 | Kota Samarahan | 3 (5) | 2 |
| 1309 | Bintulu | 266,300 | 12,166.2 | Bintulu | 3 | 1 |
| 1310 | Betong | 129,000 | 4,180.8 | Betong | 4 (9) | 2 |
| 1311 | Mukah | 134,900 | 6,997.61 | Mukah | 5 (8) | 2 |
| 1312 | Serian | 105,800 | 2,039.9 | Serian | 2 (3) | 1 |
| Nota: Data penuduk Begian Serian enda nyengkaum daerah mit Siburan ti sebedau tu dalam Begian Kuching. | ||||||
Maya 26 November 2015, daerah Serian ti sebedau tu siti ari daerah ba begian Samarahan udah nyadi siti begian Sarawak kedua belas. Begian Serian udah diresmi Adenan Satem maya 11 April 2015.
Siti begian dibagi ngagai daerah, ti bisi siti pegawai daerah, ti mega dibagi ngagai daerah mit, siti-siti dituai Pegawai Adminstratif Sarawak. Bisi mega pegawai pemerangsang bagi siti-siti begian enggau daerah kena ngaga projek pemeransang menua. Perintah negeri milih siti penghulu tauka tuai kampung bagi tiap-tiap iti kampung.
| Begian | Pelilih menua | Pelilih mit |
|---|---|---|
| Kuching | Kuching | Padawan |
| Bau | ||
| Lundu | Sematan | |
| Samarahan | Samarahan | |
| Asajaya | Sadong Jaya | |
| Simunjan | Sebuyau | |
| Serian | Serian | Siburan |
| Tebedu | ||
| Sri Aman | Sri Aman | Lingga |
| Pantu | ||
| Lubok Antu | Engkilili | |
| Betong | Betong | Spaoh |
| Debak | ||
| Saratok | Budu | |
| Pusa | Maludam | |
| Kabong | Roban | |
| Sarikei | Sarikei | |
| Meradong | ||
| Julau | ||
| Pakan | ||
| Mukah | Mukah | Balingian |
| Dalat | Oya | |
| Matu | Igan | |
| Daro | ||
| Tanjung Manis | ||
| Sibu | Sibu | |
| Kanowit | ||
| Selangau | ||
| Kapit | Kapit | Nanga Merit |
| Song | ||
| Belaga | Sungai Asap | |
| Bukit Mabong | ||
| Bintulu | Bintulu | |
| Tatau | ||
| Sebauh | ||
| Miri | Miri | Bario |
| Marudi | Mulu | |
| Subis | Niah-Suai | |
| Beluru | Tinjar | |
| Telang Usan | Long Lama | |
| Long Bedian | ||
| Limbang | Limbang | Nanga Medamit |
| Lawas | Sundar | |
| Trusan | ||
Pengelikun
Soldadu
Bala sodadu ti keterubah ba Sarawak ia nya siti regimen ti ditubuhka Rejim Brooke ba taun 1862, ti dikelala enggau nama Sarawak Rangers. Rejimen nya, ti tebilang enggau pengelandik pengawa begiga ba dalam hutan, udah begawa deka nembu perang entara bansa ba Sarawak. Sarawak Rangers mega nitih perang gerila ngelaban Jipun, maya Darurat Tanah Melayu (ba Malaysia Barat) enggau maya operasyen Pengelaban Komunis Sarawak ngagai bala komunis. Sepengudah penubuh menua Malaysia, rejimen nya diserap ngagai angkatan tentera Malaysia lalu dikumbai Rejimen Renjer Diraja diatu.
Maya taun 1888, Sarawak, enggau menua ti semak, iya nya Borneo Utara enggau Brunei nyadi naungan perintah Inggeris, lalu tanggungjawap polisi luar diserah ngagai British nyadi tukar enggau pelindung soldadu. Ari penubuh menua Malaysia, perintah federal Malaysia bisi semua tangungjawap ngagai polisi enggau soldadu menua bukai ba menua tu.
Pengelaban kandang menua
Perintah Malaysia ngembuan sekeda pengelaban kandang menua enggau menua-menua ti semak, ti bisi irau menua Sarawak. Nya nyengkaum pengelaban tanah enggau maritim ti bisi enggau menua Brunei enggau China. Maya taun 2009, kepala menteri Malaysia Abdullah Ahmad Badawi madahka dalam aum enggau Sultan Brunei, Brunei setuju deka badu minta kandang menua Limbang. Tang, utai tu disangkal Menteri Luar Negeri Brunei ti kedua ia nya Lim Jock Seng, ti madahka utai tu enda kala dirintai maya aum nya. Beting Serupai enggau Beting Raja Jarum, pulau-pulau ba Tasik China Selatan, belabuh ba zon ekonomi eksklusif Sarawak, udah bisi isu irau berita selebubu ngapa ti madahka bisi serang digaga menua China.
Geografi
Penyampau pemasai tanah Sarawak sepemesai 124,450 km2 (48,050 bt2),[7] ngambi 37.5 persin ari penyampau pemesai menua Malaysia, lalu bepalan entara latitud utara 0° 50′ nyentukka 5° sereta longitud timur 109° 36′ nyentukka 115° 40′ E.[45] Pemanjai pantai iya 750 km (470 bt) lalu bisi sekeda pantai negeri tu disekat pantai Brunei sepemanjai 150 km (93 bt).[46] Sepemanjai pantai 45.5 km (28.3 bt) udah majak rusak.[47] Dalam taun 1961, Sarawak nyengkaum negeri sepiak Sabah ti udah dipasuk dalam Gerempung Maritim Entarabansa (IMO) nengah penyereta United Kingdom nyadi kaban sekutu begulai IMO.[48] Sarawak diseraraka ari Kalimantan ulih rentang bukit tinggi enggau gunung ti nyadi sebagi ari rentang gunung tengah Borneo. Tu nyadi tinggi agi ke utara, lalu pemadu tinggi semak pun penatai Batang Baram ba Gunung Batu Lawi enggau Gunung Mulu ti curam. Gunung Murud nya titik pemadu tinggi di Sarawak.[46]
Sarawak ngembuan geografi tropika enggau iklim khatulistiwa sereta ngasaika dua musim monsun iya nya monsun timur laut enggau monsun barat daya. Monsun timur laut nyadi entara bulan November enggau Februari, mai ujan bangat lalu monsun barat daya ke nyadi entara bulan Mac enggau Oktober mai ujan mimit. Iklim nya entap sepemanjai taun kelimpah ari dua monsun, enggau pukul rata pengangat ninting hari ti bebida entara 23 °C (73 °F) maya pagi nyentukka 32 °C (90 °F) maya ngalih hari ba menua pantai. Miri ngembuan pukul rata tikas pengangat ti pemadu baruh enti dibanding enggau mengeri besai bukai di Sarawak sereta ngembuan jam siang hari ti pemadu lama (lebih ari enam jam sehari), lalu kandang menua bukai nerima panchar mata panas pengelama lima ngagai enam jam sehari. Pengelembap selalu iya tinggi, ngelui 68 peratus, enggau ujan ninting taun bebida entara 330 cm (130 in) enggau 460 cm (180 in) sepengelama dalam urung 220 hari setaun.[45] Ba kandang menua tanah tinggi, pengangat iya ulih bebida entara 16 °C (61 °F) nyentukka 25 °C (77 °F) maya pagi hari lalu ulih nyadi sepemaruh 11 °C (52 °F) maya malam hari.[49]
Sarawak dibagi ngagai tiga eko-menua. Kandang menua pesisir nya chukup baruh sereta rata enggau kandang endur paya ti besai sereta rampa menua basah bukai. Pantai di Sarawak nyengkaum Pasir Panjang[50] enggau pantai-pantai Damai ba Kuching,[51] pantai Tanjung Batu ba Bintulu,[52] sereta Tanjung Lobang[53] enggau pantai Hawaii ba Miri.[54] Tanah ti bebukit nyadika mayuh tanah ti diuan mensia lalu endur nya endur mayuh negeri ti ditemu. Penyangkai kapal Kuching enggau Sibu digaga mimit penyauh ari tebing tasik ba atas sungai seraya Bintulu enggau Miri semak enggau tebing tasik ke alai bukit-bukit nya ngerembai nyentuk ngagai Tasik China Selatan. Pelilih menua ketiga iya nya pelilih menua begunung sepemanjai garis entara menua Sarawak–Kalimantan, ke nyadi palan mayuh kampung ba Bario, Ba'kelalan, enggau Usun Apau Plieran.[46] Bisi sekeda sungai nengah Sarawak, lalu Sungai Sarawak nyadi batang sungai ti nengah Kuching. Batang Rajang nyadi sungai pemadu panjai di Malaysia, pemesai 563 km (350 mi) nyengkaum anak sungai iya, Sungai Baleh. Ba sepiak utara, Batang Baram, Sungai Limbang enggau Sungai Trusan ngelamun Teluk Brunei.[46]
Sarawak ulih dibagi ngagai dua zon geologi iya nya Perisai Sunda, ti ngerembai ke barat daya ari Batang Lupar (semak Simanggang) lalu nyadi ujung selatan Sarawak, enggau pelilih menua geosinklin, ke ngerembai ke timur laut ngagai Batang Lupar, nempa pelilih menua tengah enggau utara Sarawak. Bansa batu ti pemadu tuai di selatan Sarawak iya nya schist ti ditempa maya jeman Carboniferous enggau Lower Permian, lalu batu igneus ti pemadu biak ba pelilih menua tu iya nya andesit, ulih ditemu ba Sematan. Penumbuh geologi pelilih menua tengah enggau utara berengkah maya jeman ujung Cretaceous. Bansa batu bukai ke ulih ditemu ba tengah enggau utara Sarawak iya nya shale, batu pasir, enggau chert.[45] Begian Miri di timur Sarawak iya nya pelilih menua strata Neogene ti ngundan batu kaya organik ti nyadi rizab minyak enggau gis ti prolifik. Batu ti diperkaya enggau komponen organik iya nya batu luchak ba Formasyen Lambir, Miri enggau Tukau jeman Miosen Tengah-Pliosen Baruh.[55] Penyampau tanah Sarawak ke besai iya nya litosol, manggai 60 persin, enggau podsol, urung 12 persin, seraya tanah aluvium ke mayuh ditemu ba kandang menua pesisir enggau sungai. 12 persin menua Sarawak dibungkur kampung paya gambut.[45] Batu kapur ti ngembuan topografi karst ti mansang manah sereta sistem gua ditemu ngachir ari barat ngagai timur Sarawak, tang betumpu ba sekeda pelilih menua baka ba pelilih menua Bau di barat enggau selatan semak garis entara menua Kalimantan.[56]
Bisi tiga puluh taman negera,[57] entara nya Taman Negara Gua Niah,[58] ekosistem ti udah mansang tinggi ngelingi Taman Negara Bukit Lambir,[59] enggau siti ke nyadi Palan Pesaka Dunya iya nya Taman Negara Gunung Mulu.[60][61] Taman kepenudi tadi ngundan Ruai Sarawak, siti ari ruai baruh tanah ti pemadu besai di dunya,[62] Gua Rusa, jalai gua ti pemadu besai di dunya,[63] enggau Gua Ai Jernih, sistem gua ti pemadu panjai di Asia Tenggara.[64][65]
- Landskap ba Sarawak
-
Punchak-punchak bukit ba Taman Negara Gunung Mulu -
Babas ba punchak Gunung Murud -
Pemandang Tasik China Selatan ari Sarawak -
Sekeda endur ba Taman Negara Bako
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Biodiversiti
Sarawak ngundan kampung ujan tropika ti besai enggau mayuh macham bansa utai tumbuh,[66] ti ngujungka sekeda ari sida nya dipansik ketegal bisi pengelebih ubat.[67] Kampung bakau enggau nipah ti melapis muara iya mungkur 2% ari kandang endur iya ti bisi kampung, kampung paya gambut ba sepemanjai bagi menua bukai ba tebing tasik iya mungkur 16%, kampung Kerangas mungkur 5% enggau kampung Dipterocarpaceae mungkur tebal agi kandang endur ti begunung. Kayu besai ti ditemu ba kampung muara nyengkaum bako enggau nibong, lalu iya ti ba kampung paya gambut nyengkaum ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), meranti (Shorea), enggau medang jongkong (Dactylocladus stenostachys).[45]
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Spesis jelu mega mayuh macham, iya nya 185 bansa mamalia, 530 bansa burung, 166 bansa ular, 104 bansa baya, enggau 113 bansa amfibia, ke alai 19 peratus mamalia, 6 peratus burung, 20 peratus ular enggau 32 peratus baya nya endemik. Spesis tu mayuh agi ditemu ba Kandang Endur ti Dilindung Penuh. Bisi lebih 2,000 bansa kayu di Sarawak. Utai tumbuh bukai nyengkaum 1,000 bansa orkid, 757 bansa pakis, enggau 260 bansa sawit.[68] Negeri tu nyadi habitat jelu ti deka punas, nyengkaum gajah borneo pygmy, kera proboscis, orang utan enggau badak Sumatera.[69] Palan Jelu Siga Matang, Rizab Alam Semenggoh, enggau Palan Pengintu Jelu Siga Lanjak Entimau[70] tebilang enggau program nyaga orang utan sida.[71][72] Taman Negara Talang–Satang tebilang enggau inisiatif ngintu penyu.[73] Pengawa meda burung endang pengawa ke suah dikereja ba mayuh bengkah taman negara baka Taman Negara Gunung Mulu, Taman Negara Lambir Hills,[74]enggau Taman Negara Similajau.[75] Taman Negara Miri–Sibuti dikelala enggau terumbu karang iya[76] lalu Taman Negara Gunung Gading Gunung Gading National Park tebilang ketegal bungai but.[77] Taman Negara Bako, taman negara ke pemadu tuai ba Sarawak ngembuan 275 kere proboscis,[78] lalu Kebun Kendi Padawan ketegal mayuh macham utai tumbuh kendi.[79] Maya 1854, Alfred Russel Wallace kala ngabas Sarawak. Setaun udah nya, iya ngaga rumusan "Undang-undang Sarawak" ti ngambarka rumusan teori evolusi iya (enggau Darwin) nengah chara natural selection tiga taun udah nya.[80]
Perintah nengeri Sarawak udah ngaga sekeda undang-undang dikena nyaga kampung enggau spesis jelu siga ti deka punas. Sekeda ari bansa jelu ti dijaga iya nya orang utan, penyu tasik gadung, kubung, enggau burung kenyalang. Nengah Ordinan Penyaga Jelu Siga 1998, peranak asal Sarawak diberi pemendar ngasu jelu siga ti disekat dalam kampung tang enda patut ngembuan dagin lebih ari 5 kg (11 lb).[81] Opis Kampung Sarawak ditumbuhka dalam taun 1919 dikena ngintu pengeraja asal kampung di nengeri tu.[82] Berindik ari kritik antarabansa bekaul enggau industri nebang kayu di Sarawak, perintah nengeri ngaga pemutus ngurangka Opis Kampung Sarawak lalu numbuhka Perbadanan Kampung Sarawak dalam taun 1995.[83][84] Palan Biodiversiti Sarawak ditumbuhka dalam taun 1997 ungkup pengawa ngintu, nyaga, sereta ngemansangka biodiversiti ti meruan di nengeri tu.[85]
Isu pengibun
Kampung ujan Sarawak keterubah iya dikeruga industri batang enggau kebun sawit.[86] Isu hak asasi mensia bansa Penan enggau pengawa nebang kampung di Sarawak nyadi isu rampa menua entarabansa lebuh aktivis Switzerland Bruno Manser nemuai ngagai Sarawak enggau tetap entara taun 1984 enggau 2000.[87] Pengawa berimba kampung udah ngeruga pengidup raban bansa asal, kelebih agi bansa Penan, ti endur pengidup sida balat bepanggai ba asil kampung. Tu ngujungka sekeda pengawa nyekat raban bansa asal maya taun 1980-an enggau 1990-an ngelaban kompeni-kompeni balak ti nyerang tanah sida.[88] Endang amat, pengawa nebang kayu enggau chara belalai kelebih agi udah ngerusak pelilih kampung ti endur peranak asal bepanggai ba pengidup sida, ngurangka ikan, jelu siga, tang mega herba ubat tradisional enggau utai ti beguna dikena ngaga baka Palm.[89] Bisi mega kes ke alai tanah Hak Adat Asal (NCR) udah diberi ngagai kompeni kayu batang enggau kebun dandang besai enggau nadai pemendar ari peranak menua nya.[90] Orang bansa asal udah nguna chara undang-undang dikena mulaika NCR sida. Dalam taun 2001 Kort Tinggi Sarawak udah mulaika penuh tanah NCR ti dituntut orang Rumah Nor, tang pekara tu dikinsil sebagi dalam taun 2005. Taja pia, kes tu udah nyadika teladan, ngujungka mayuh agi pekara NCR dikemeranka kort tinggi ba taun-taun pengudah iya.[91][92] Polisi-polisi tekat besai Sarawak, baka projek Tekat Ai Bakun enggau Tekat Ai Murum, udah ngampuh beribu-ribu hektar kampung lalu ngujungka beribu-ribu iku orang bansa asal pindah.[93][94] Kenyau ari taun 2013, perambu ngaga Tekat Ai Baram udah tejanggal ketegal bantah ti majak nyadi ari raban bansa asal setempat.[95] Kenyau ari taun 2014, perintah Sarawak ari baruh kepala menteri Adenan Satem berengkah bejalaika atur ngelaban pengawa berimba kampung nadai pemendar di nengeri tu sereta dikena ngemayuhka ekonomi negeri tu.[96] Nengah timpuh taun 2016 lebih 2 juta ekar kampung, mayuh ari nya ba habitat orangutan, dipadahka nyadi kandang endur ke dijaga.[97]
Sumber bebida bekaul enggau bungkur kampung Sarawak ke agi tinggal: ex-kepala menteri Abdul Taib Mahmud madahka iya nurun ari 70% ngagai 48% entara taun 2011 enggau 2012, Opis Kampung Sarawak enggau Opis Menteri Perambu Sumber enggau Rampa Menua sama bela bepenemu iya mengkang ba ikas 80%. ba taun 2012,[98][99] lalu Wetlands International ngeripotka iya nurun 10% entara taun 2005 enggau 2010, 3.5 kali lipat jampat agi ari menua Asia bukai enti dipegulaika.[100]
Ekonomi
Sarawak GDP share by sector (2021)[101]
Ari sukut sejarah, ekonomi Sarawak tejanggal maya perintah tiga iku Rajah kulit putih sebedau tu. Pengudah penumbuh Malaysia, tikas penumbuh GDP Sarawak udah niki ketegal pemansut petroleum ti niki sereta rega petroleum dunya niki. Taja pia, ekonomi nengeri kurang mayuh macham lalu agi balat bepanggai ba eksport komoditi primari enti dibanding enggau Malaysia selampur. GDP per kapita di Sarawak baruh ari pukul rata menua ari taun 1970 ngagai 1990.[102] Maya taun 2021, GDP per kapita ungkup Sarawak manggai RM 65,971 (US$ 15,173),[9] ti nyadi ketiga pemadu tinggi di Malaysia. Taja pia, bida penatai pemisi mengeri enggau menua pesisir mengkang nyadi penanggul besai di Sarawak.[103]
Sarawak ngembuan bemacham sumber asal, enggau industri primari baka pengawa ngelumbung, betanam betupi, enggau kampung nyadika 32.8% ari ekonomi iya ba taun 2013.[104] Iya mega mansang dalam pengawa ngaga pemakai enggau ai irup, produk bepelasarka kayu enggau wi, produk lugam paung, enggau petrokimia,[105] pia mega servis kargo enggau langit sereta dagang temuai.[104] Produk domestik kasar (KDNK) negeri tu nambah 40.5% setaun pukul rata ari taun 2010 ngagai 2021,[106] tang nyadi balat agi volatil udah nya, berengkah ari −3.0% ba taun 2009 ngagai 35.0% ba taun 2021. Sarawak udah meri 9.5% ari GDP Malaysia dalam timpuh semilan taun sebedau taun 2020, lalu nyadika iya nyadi negeri pemeri ketiga pemadu besai pengudah Selangor enggau Kuala Lumpur.[104] Ari 2015 nyentukka 2021, industri minyak enggau gis ngarika 55.2% ari asil perintah Sarawak. Iya matak RM 80 bilion (US$ 17.85 bilion) dalam pengawa beranakka puku ari menua luar, enggau 95% nuju Koridor Kuasa Ulih Dikena Baru Sarawak (SCORE), koridor ekonomi kedua pemadu besai di Malaysia.[104]
Naka taun 2021, Sarawak ngasilka urung 2,800,000 tong minyak ninting hari ba 150 bidang pemansut minyak enggau gis.[107] Taja pia, ekonomi ti beorientasyenka eksport dikuasa gis asli cecair (LNG), ti ngarika lebih setengah ari penyampau eksport. Petroleum mata mungkur 45.1%, lalu minyak sawit, kayu gergaji, enggau kayu gergaji mungkur 12.0% enti dipegulai.[104] Nengeri tu nerima royalti 5% ari Petronas ketegal pengawa ngiga minyak ba kandang tasik kandang menua iya.[108] Mayuh deposit minyak enggau gis nya ba tebing tasik sebelah Bintulu enggau Miri ba lembangan Balingian, lembangan Baram, enggau ngelingi Luconia Shoals.[109]
Sarawak siti ari pengeksport kayu keras tropika pemadu besai di dunya, ti nyadika 65% ari semua eksport kayu kayu Malaysia ba taun 2000. Statistik PBB ti kepenudi dalam taun 2001 melabaka eksport kayu gergaji Sarawak ba pukul rata 14,109,000 m3 (498,300,000 ka3) ninting taun entara 1996 enggau 2000.[110]
Dalam taun 1955, OCBC nyadi bank menua luar ti keterubah beoperasyen di Sarawak, lalu bank menua tasik bukai nangkanka nya.[111] Kompeni tebilang ke bukai bepalan di Sarawak nyengkaum Cahya Mata Sarawak Berhad, Naim Holdings, enggau Rimbunan Hijau.[112]
Tenaga
Kuasa karan di Sarawak, dibekal kompeni Sarawak Energy Berhad (SEB) enggi perintah menua,[113] ti keterubah iya bepun ari palan kuasa tradisional ti ngena arang batu enggau stesyen kuasa terma ngena LNG,[113][114] but diesel based sources and hydroelectricity are also utilised. Bisi 3 buah tekat hidroelektrik naka taun 2015 di Batang Ai,[115] Bakun,[116] enggau Murum,[117] sereta sekeda bengkah ke bukai benung ti digaga.[115] Ba pun taun 2016, SEB udah nyain sempekat eksport tenaga keterubah Malaysia dikena mekal kuasa elekterik ngagai menua sepiak Kalimantan Barat di Indonesia.[118]
Dalam taun 2008, SCORE ditumbuh nyadi langkar dikena ngemansangka sektor tenaga di nengeri tu, kelebih agi Tekat Ai Murum, Baram, enggau Baleh sereta mega palan kuasa bepelasarka arang batu ti bisi potensial,[119] enggau 10 industri ti dikemeratka tinggi pansut maya taun 2030.[120][121] Lembaga Pembangunan Koridor Wilayah iya nya ejensi perintah ti megai tanggungpengawa ngatur SCORE.[122] Semua kandang menua tengah Sarawak dibungkur ari baruh SCORE, nyengkaum kandang menua baka Samalaju (semak Bintulu), Tanjung Manis, enggau Mukah.[123] Samalaju deka dikemansang nyadi palan industri,[124] Tanjung Manis deka dikemansang nyadi palan pemakai halal,[125] enggau Mukah nyadi palan pentadbiran ungkup SCORE enggau fokus ngagai pansik enggau pemansang bepelasarka sumber.[126]
Dagang temuai
Dagang temuai ngemeranka tanggungpengawa besai dalam ekonomi Sarawak lalu meri 7.9% ari GDP nengeri dalam taun 2016.[127] Temuai ari menua luar ke Sarawak tebal agi datai ari Brunei, Indonesia, Filipina, Singapura, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Jerman, Australia, Belgium, Korea Selatan, enggau United Kingdom.[128] Sepenyampau organisasyen ti bebida, baik nya nengeri enggau peribit, ngaul diri dalam pengawa ngelakuka dagang temuai di Sarawak: Lembaga Dagang Temuai Sarawak nyadi badan nengeri ti megai tanggungpengawa ngelakuka dagang temuai di nengeri tu, bemacham gerempung dagang temuai peribit diserakup ari baruh Persekutuan Dagang Temuai Sarawak, enggau Biro Konvensyen Sarawak megai tanggungpengawa matak konvensyen, aum besai, enggau pengawa korporat ti diatur ba Palan Konvensyen Borneo di Kuching.[129] Raban mensia mayuh enggau peribit di Sarawak ngatur pengerami dua taun sekali dikena nyuaka Anugerah Dagang Temuai Sarawak Hornbill iya nya anugerah ungkup pemujur dalam mayuh bengkah kategori, dikena ngaku pengawa dagang enggau individu ketegal pengeransing sida dalam pemansang dagang temuai dalam nengeri tu.[130]
Festival Muzik Dunya Kampung Ujan nyadi pengawa muzikal keterubah ba pelilih menua nya, ke narit lebih 50,000 iku ninting taun.[131] Pengawa bukai ti seruran diatur di Sarawak iya nya Anugerah Seri Angkasa (ASA), Festival Filem Antarabansa ASEAN, Festival Muzik Borneo Live, Festival Jazz Borneo, Festival Main Asal Borneo, enggau Festival Layang-layang Antarabansa Borneo.[129] Kompleks bebeli barang besai di Sarawak nyengkaum The Spring, Boulevard, VivaCity, Plaza Merdeka, City One, enggau palan bebeli barang AEON di Kuching,[132] Bintang Megamall, Boulevard, Imperial Mall, enggau palan bebeli barang Miri Plaza di Miri[133] enggau NAIM Bintulu Paragon Street Mall, The Spring, Boulevard Shopping Mall, Crown Pacific Mall, Commerce Square Mall, Times Square Megamall, enggau Parkcity Mall di Bintulu.
| Taun | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Penatai temuai (juta) | 1.897 | 2.343 | 2.635 | 2.665 | 2.996 | 2.497 | 2.258 | 2.639 | 2.113 | 2.082 |
| Penatai temuai domestik
(Semenanjung Malaysia &Sabah) |
1.373 | 1.452 | 1.434 | 1.707 | 1.862 | 2.020 | 2.402 | 2.217 | 2.318 | 2.560 |
| Penyampau penatai temuai (juta) | 3.271 | 3.795 | 4.069 | 4.372 | 4.858 | 4.517 | 4.661 | 4.856 | 4.431 | 4.662 |
| Penyampau resit dagang temuai, bilion (RM) | 6.618 | 7.914 | 8.573 | 9.588 | 10.686 | 9.870 | 8.370 | 8.590 | 7.960 | N/A |
| Penyampau resit dagang temuai, bilion (USD) | 1.489 | 2.374 | 2.786 | 2.876 | 3.206 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Infrastruktur
Pemansang infrastruktur ba Sarawak dikemataka Opis Menteri Pemansang Infrastruktur enggau Perengka Pengangkut, penganti Opis Menteri Pemansang Infrastruktur enggau Komunikasyen (MIDCom) pengudah iya diberi nama baru dalam taun 2016.[138] Taja pan dikemataka menteri tu, infrastruktur di Sarawak mengkang kurang mansang enti dibandingka enggau Semenanjung Malaysia.[139]
Maya taun 2009, 94% mengeri Sarawak udah dibekal ngena kuasa karan, tang semina 67% menua pesisir bisi kuasa karan.[140] Taja pia, penyampau tu udah niki ngagai 91% ba taun 2014.[141] Nitihka artikel taun 2015, penembu internet ruang bilik di Sarawak baruh agi ari pukul rata menua Malaysia iya nya 41.2% bebanding enggau 58.6%, enggau 58.5% ngena internet ba kandang mengeri enggau 29.9% ba kandang menua pesisir. Enti dibandingka, pengambi telekomunikasyen mindah kin kitu di Sarawak setanding enggau pukul rata menua, 93.3% ngelaban pukul rata menua 94.2%, sereta sebaka enggau menua sepiak Sabah.[142] Infrastruktur telekomunikasyen mobile, kelebih agi menara penabur, digaga sereta diatur Sacofa Sdn Bhd (Sacofa Pribit Terhad), ti ngasaika monopoli di Sarawak sepengudah kompeni nya diberi sempekat eksklusif pengelama 20 taun bekaul enggau pengawa nyendiaka, ngintu enggau nyuwa menara di nengeri tu.[143]
Sepenyampau badan ti bebida ngatur bekal ai bepanggai ba pelilih menua ti megai tanggungpengawa sida, nyengkaum Lembaga Ai Kuching (KWB) ti ngatur bekal ai Kuching, Lembaga Ai Sibu (SWB) ti ngatur bekal ai Sibu, LAKU Management Sdn Bhd, ti ngatur bekal ai ba Miri, Bintulu, and Limbang[144] enggau Opis Bekal Ai Menua Pesisir ngatur bekal ai ungkup kandang endur ke agi tinggal.[145] Naka taun 2014, 82% ari menua pesisir bisi bekal ai tawas.[141]
Penabur
Sarawak ngepunka servis radio iya kena 7 Jun 1954, ti nyadi sebagi ari Radio Malaysia lebuh iya nyereta Malaysia dalam taun 1963 lalu udah nya nyadi sebagi ari Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) ti besai agi dalam taun 1969 lebuh operasyen radio enggau televisyen menua tu begempung.[146] Sarawak nadai ngembuan servis televisyen nyentuk ke 30 Ogos 1975, lebuh TV1 RTM disediaka ungkup bala penonton Malaysia Timur.[147] RTM bisi enam pampang di nengeri tu - sebuah opis besai di indu mengeri Kuching enggau lima opis bukai di Simanggang, Sibu, Bintulu, Miri enggau Limbang. Opis besai nya ngasilka berita enggau randau ungkup saluran televisyen RTM sereta bejalaika empat saluran radio nengeri iya nya rangkaian Sarawak FM, Red FM enggau Wai FM rangkaian Iban enggau Bidayuh, lalu lima buah opis bukai bejalaika saluran radio pelilih menua baka Sri Aman FM, Sibu FM, Bintulu FM, FM Miri enggau Limbang FM. Kena 7 April 1998, NTV7 dilancharka orang dagang ari Sarawak ke benama Mohd Effendi Norwawi ari baruh pegai kompeni Natseven TV Sdn Bhd. Sebedau stesyen tv tu diambi Media Prima Berhad dalam taun 2005, iya bisi studio di indu nengeri. Taja pia, Sarawak bedau bisi stesyen tv kediri empu ke bendar datai ke 10 Oktober 2020, lebuh iya ngelancharka TVS, lalu enggau nya nyadi pelilih menua keterubah di Malaysia ngembuan stesyen tv iya. Diatu iya bisi dalam Astro, Astro NJOI enggau myFreeview (MYTV Broadcasting) lalu bisi dalam 4 bansa jaku iya nya jaku Melayu, English, Iban enggau China (Mandarin). Saluran radio komersial ti bepalan di nengeri tu nyengkaum Cats FM enggau TEA FM, sama-sama dilanchar kena 8 Ogos 1996 enggau 1 Ogos 2015.[sitasyen patut disediaka]
Perengka jalai enggau udara
Sama baka mayuh kandang menua British suba, Sarawak ngena dua jalai kerita enggau atur trafik sepiak kiba.[148] Naka taun 2013, Sarawak ngembuan penyampau 32,091 km (19,940 bt) jalai alun ke besambung, beseretai pemanjai 18,003 km (11,187 bt) jalai negeri ti udah dibelakin, 8,313 km (5,165 bt) trek tanah, 4,352 km (2,704 bt) jalai kerikil, enggau 1,424 km (885 bt) jalai besai perintah besai ti dibelakin. Jalai keterubah di Sarawak iya nya Jalai Alun Pan Borneo, ke bepun ari Sematan, Sarawak, nengah Brunei ngagai Tawau, Sabah.[149] Taja nyadi jalai besai, tang gaya jalai nya enda manah ngujungka mayuh penusah bebadi enggau pemati nyadi.[150] Kunterik beungkus 16 bilion ringgit udah diberi ngagai sekeda kompeni menua tu dalam bulan Disember 2016 dikena nambahka jematan perengka pengangkut enggau orang bejalai kaki baru, simpang jalai enggau palan ngenduh bas ngagai jalai besai nya nyadi sebagi ari projek mayuh renggat.[151]
Siti jalai kereta api bisi sebedau perang, tang teda jalai kepenudi nya direrak dalam taun 1959.[152] Sebengkah projek kereta api udah dipadahka dalam taun 2008 ngambika setipak enggau guna pengangkut SCORE, tang naka ke diatu bedau bisi pengawa ngaga udah berengkah taja pan dipelabaka haribulan tembu dalam taun 2015.[153] Dalam taun 2017, perintah Sarawak merambu sistem kereta api lempung (Kuching Line) ti nyambung bagi menua Kuching, Samarahan enggau Serian enggau dipelaba tembu ba taun 2020.[154] Naka diatu, bas nyadi perengka pengangkut mensia mayuh keterubah di Sarawak enggau servis entara nengeri ti nyambung nengeri tu ngagai Sabah, Brunei, enggau Pontianak (Indonesia).[144]
Sarawak dilayan mayuh bengkah padang bilun baka Padang Bilun Antarabansa Kuching, ke bepalan barat daya Kuching nyadi ke pemadu besai. Penerebai bilun ari Kuching mayuh ngagai Kuala Lumpur sereta mega ngagai Johor Bahru, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Kelantan, Singapura enggau Pontianak, Indonesia. Sebengkah padang bilun kedua di Miri meri servis penerebai bilun kelebih agi ngagai nengeri Malaysia ke bukai sereta mega servis ke Singapura. Padang bilun bukai ke mit agi baka Padang Bilun Sibu, Padang Bilun Bintulu, Padang Bilun Mukah, Padang Bilun Marudi, Padang Bilun Mulu, enggau Padang Bilun Limbang nyendiaka servis domestik dalam Malaysia. Pia mega bisi sekeda palan penerebai bilun ke jauh ti meri servis ngagai komuniti menua pesisir di nengeri tu.[149] Tiga buah kompeni penerebai bilun meri servis penerebai bilun di Sarawak, Malaysia Airlines, Air Asia, enggau MASwings semua nya ngena Padang Bilun Kuching nyadika hab besai sida.[155] Hornbill Skyways ke diempu nengeri nya sebuah kompeni penerebai bilun ke mayuh nyendiaka penerebai bilun suwa peribit enggau servis penerebai bilun ungkup pengereja pengawa perintah.[156]
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Sarawak ngembuan empat buah palan penyangkai kapal ke bepalan di Kuching, Sibu, Bintulu, enggau Miri.[144] Palan penyangkai tasik ke pemadu kiruh di Bintulu lalu tebal agi nguruska produk LNG enggau kargo biasa. Palan penyangkai kapal ke bukai nya ari baruh piak bekuasa palan penyangkai kapal nengeri kediri empu. Penyampau pemisi empat palan penyangkai kapal primari nya dipegulai iya nya 61.04 juta tan berat barang (FWT) ba taun 2013.[149] Sarawak ngembuan 55 jaringan sungai ti ulih dilawa enggau pemanjai dipegulai iya nya 3,300 km (2,100 bt).Beratus taun ke udah, sungai-sungai Sarawak udah nyadi perengka pengangkut keterubah kelimpah ari jalai kayu enggau barang betanam betupi bukai ke mindah ke sungai ngambika dieksport ba palan penyangkai kapal besai menua tu. Pelabuhan Sibu, bepalan 113 km (70 bt) ari nanga sungai nya, nyadi hab batang sepemanjai Sungai Rajang tebal agi nguruska asil kayu. Taja pia, ‘throughput’ palan penyangkai kapal Sibu udah nurun betaun-taun pengudah Palan Penyangkai Kapal Industri Tanjung Manis (TIMP) berengkah beoperasyen jauh agi ke ili sungai.[149]
Pengerai
Pengawa nyaga pengerai di disediaka tiga buah sepital besai perintah iya nya Sepital Besai Sarawak, Sepital Sibu, enggau Sepital Miri,[157] pia mega mayuh bengkah sepital pelilih menua,[158] klinik pengerai mensia mayuh, klinik 1Malaysia, enggau klinik menua pesisir.[159] Palan Jantung Sarawak ditumbuh dalam taun 2011 di Kota Samarahan dikena meri servis kardiologi ngagai pesakit.[160] Kelimpah ari sepital enggau klinik ke diempu perintah, bisi beberapa buah sepital peribit di Sarawak[161] baka Palan Pakar Perubat Normah, Palan Pakar Perubat Timberland,[162]enggau Palan Perubat Pakar Sibu. Sepital di Sarawak biasa iya nyendiaka semua pilih nyaga pengerai, ari triage nyentukka ngintu paliatif ungkup orang ke sakit raya. Dalam taun 1994, Jabatan Radioterapi, Onkologi & Penjagaan Paliatif Sepital Besai Sarawak numbuhka program ngintu ba rumah, tauka ngintu hospis, ungkup pesakit riman. Gerempung Hospice Sarawak ti nadai ngulihka penguntung ditumbuhka dalam taun 1998 dikena ngelakuka program tu.[163] Enti dibandingka enggau pemayuh fasiliti perubat ke bukai, pengerai runding semina diservis siti fasiliti iya nya Sepital Sentosa.[164] Pemayuh servis perubat tu udah nyadika Sarawak palan dagang temuai perubat ungkup temuai ari menua sepiak Brunei enggau Indonesia.[165]
Enti dibandingka enggau pemayuh servis pengerai ba kandang mengeri, mayuh kandang menua pesisir Sarawak semina ulih dilawa ngena perengka pengangkut sungai, ti ngalit akses.[166] Kandang menua pesisir ti jauh ti ngelui ari kandang endur operasyen klinik pengerai, urung 12 km (7.5 bt),[167] enggau enda ulih dilawa nengah darat tauka sungai diservis servis lutur terebai ninting bulan, ti ditumbuhka dalam taun 1973.[168] Sebengkah program promoter pengerai kampung, ke alai raban volunteer disediaka enggau latih asas perubat, udah ditumbuhka dalam taun 1981 tang pemar nyendiaka bekal perubat ngagai kampung ke jauh, pia mega kurang insentif ngujungka program nya nurun.[169] Bemacham pengawa berubat asal agi dikena bemacham komuniti di Sarawak dikena nambahka pengawa berubat moden tang pengawa tu mega majak kurang.[170] Taja pia, kenyau ari taun 2004, bisi pengerembai baru dalam pengawa berubat tradisional di Malaysia ngujungka penumbuh pampang berubat tradisional dalam Opis Menteri Pengerai. Sebengkah program perintah taun 2006 ti deka bisi sepital bersepadu ngujungka mayuh bengkah universiti ngepunka program ngajar perubat tradisional enggau sepital besai, nyengkaum Sepital Besai Sarawak, nyendiaka terapi tradisional.[171]
Pelajar
Pelajar di Malaysia dipegai dua bengkah opis menteri perintah besai; Opis Menteri Pelajar Malaysia megai tanggungpengawa ba pekara pelajar primari enggau sekondari,[172] seraya Opis Menteri Pelajar Tinggi bisi pengawa ngemataka universiti awam, politeknik enggau kolej komuniti.[173] Pelajar tumu nembiak mit enda dikuasa terus Opis Menteri Pelajar baka ti nyadi ba pelajar primari enggau sekondari. Taja pia, opis menteri nya endang ngemataka pengawa meri lisin ngagai tadika peribit, batang chara pelajar tumu nembiak mit, nitihka Standard Kualiti Pra-Sekula Nasional, ti dilanchar dalam taun 2013.[174]
Kira-kira jeman Persekutuan, orang ke buta urup di Sarawak chukup mayuh. Dalam taun 1960, tikas literasi kesemua iya nya 25%, enggau tikas literasi ti balat nurun ngagai penyampau tubuh bansa China, 53%, enti dibandingka enggau raban bansa asal ti jauh baruh, semina 17%.[175] Datai ba taun 2007, penyampau literasi ba orang besai tuai ke beumur 15 taun ke atas udah jauh niki ngagai 92.3% lalu ba taun 2012, penyampau tu udah niki ngagai 96%.[176]
Bisi 1480 buah sekula di Sarawak ba taun 2014 lalu ari penyampau nya 1271 sekula primari, 202 sekula sekondari enggau 7 buah sekula sekondari vokasional/teknikal.[177] Entara nya sekeda sekula ke bisi ari jeman Brooke, nyengkaum Sekula St. Thomas Kuching (1848), Sekula St Mary Kuching (1848), enggau Sekula St Joseph Kuching (1882).[178] Pia mega sekula perintah, bisi empat buah sekula antarabansa: Sekula Tunku Putra, sebuah sekula primari enggau sekondari ti nyendiaka kurikulum nasional enggau Cambridge, Sekula Antarabansa Lodge, ti mega dibuka ngagai nembiak menua tu lalu ngena kededua sistem Nasional British enggau Cambridge, Kidurong Antarabansa . Sekula ke diempu Shell lalu meri pelajar primari kelebih agi ngagai anak pengereja pengawa tang nembiak menua tu tau tama bepanggai ba pemisi ruang, enggau Sekula Antarabansa Tenby, ke dibuka dalam taun 2014 lalu dibuka ngagai nembiak menua tu enggau ekspatriat.[179] Bisi mega 14 buah sekula sekondari ngatika diri bansa China di Sarawak ti ngajar ngena jaku China ukai ngena jaku English tauka jaku Melayu.[180] Sebedau tu semina nembiak bansa China aja dipasuk ba sekula tu, tang mobiliti pengereja pengawa ngujungka penyampau nembiak majak nambah laban apai indai mindah ngagai kandang endur bukai ngulihka pengawa.[181][182] Pekara tu ngujungka penyampau nembiak Bumiputera diambi belajar ba sekula primari enggau prasekula China majak nambah.[183]
Sarawak ngembuan tiga iti institut pelajar tinggi awan – Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Universiti Teknologi Mara ba Kota Samarahan, enggau Universiti Putra Malaysia – pia mega universiti peribit baka Universiti Curtin, Malaysia enggau Universiti Teknologi Swinburne Kampus Sarawak. Dua iti ke penudi iya nya kampus satelit Universiti Curtin di Perth enggau Universiti Teknologi Swinburne di Melbourne, Australia.[172]
Nengah penumbuh SCORE enggau potensial ti bekaul 1.6 juta agi pengawa puang manggai ba taun 2030,[179] perintah nengeri ngungkupka RM1 bilion ari taun 2016 ngagai 2020 ngagai Tabung Pemansang Pengelandik ungkup pelajar vokasional.[184] Ba taun 2015, Petronas bisi meri skolarsip vokasional ngagai 150 iku nembiak Sarawak ke kurang benasit nyadi sebagi ari program Penaja Institusyen Vokasional enggau Bantu Latih,[185] taja pan iya udah dikritik ketegal kurang ngarika nembiak menua tu dalam agih belanja iya sebedau tu;[186] kompeni nya mega meri sukung ngagai palan pelajar vokasional Sarawak ke bukai.[187]
Demografi
Penyampau tubuh Malaysia taun 2020 ngeripotka penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak bisi 2,453,677 iku,[8] nyadika iya nengeri kelima pemadu mayuh mensia.[188] Taja pia, penyampau tubuh tu diagih ba kandang endur ti besai ngujungka Sarawak ngembuan likat pemayuh tubuh ti pemadu mimit di menua tu enggau semina 20 iku orang aja per km2. Purata tikas penumbuh penyampau tubuh 1.8%, ari taun 2000 ngagai 2010, semak bendar enggau pukul rata menua iya nya 2.0%.[105] Ba taun 2014, 58% ari penyampau tubuh diau ba kandang mengeri enggau ke bukai diau ba kandang menua pesisir, tang dalam timpuh 10 taun ti deka datai dipelabaka penyampau tubuh ba mengeri deka niki ngagai 65%.[189] Naka taun 2011, tikas pengada kasar di Sarawak iya nya 16.3 per 1000 individu, tikas pemati kasar iya nya 4.3 per 1000 populasyen, lalu tikas pemati anak mit iya nya 6.5 per 1000 anak mit ke ada idup.[190]
Orang ke diau ba mengeri mayuh ari bansa Melayu, Melanaus, China, enggau mimit aja bansa Iban enggau Bidayuh di mengeri ti mindah ari rumah panjai sida ngiga pengawa.[191] Dua iku ke penudi nya entara lebih 40 sub-etnik Sarawak ke alai mayuh agi diau ba kandang menua entigis sereta disebut enggau nama Orang Asal.[192] Bansa Orang Asal, enggau Melayu, ari Semenanjung Malaysia, Sarawak enggau Sabah disebut begulai nyadi Bumiputera (anak tanah). Klasifikasyen tu meri sida hak istimewa dalam pelajar, pengawa, belanja, enggau pangku pengawa politik.[193]
Pengawa ngerejista, enggau ngeluarka, kad pengelala menua, dokumen ti dipinta undang-undang dikena ngulihka mayuh macham servis, ngagai suku bansa ti jauh tu udah nyadika penanggul pengelama betaun-taun,[194] lalu dulu suba indah udah ngujungka mayuh orang ari raban bansa Penan digaga enggau efektif nadai menua.[195] Dalam beberapa taun ke udah, isu tu bisi mansang progresif enggau pengawa bejalaika sistem baka unit ngerejista mindah kin kitu.[196]
Sarawak ngembuan pengereja pengawa imigran ti mayuh enggau sepenyampau 150,000 iku pekereja migran menua luar ti berejista gawa nyadi pekereja domestik tauka ba pengawa kebun dandang besai, ngaga barang, ngaga, servis enggau betanam betupi.[197] Taja pia, penyampau pengereja pengawa ti berejista sah tu dibungkur penyampau tubuh ti mayuh entara 320,000 ngagai 350,000 iku pengereja pengawa ti enda beradat.[198]
Raban bansa
 an Iban warrior in his traditional dress |  Melanau girls with the traditional Baju Kurung |
 a Bidayuh girl |  Sarawakian Chinese woman in her traditional dress of Cheongsam |
Sarawak ngembuan enam iti raban bansa ke besai iya nya, Iban, China, Melayu, Bidayuh, Melanau, enggau Orang Ulu,[191] pia mega sekeda raban bansa ke ngembuan penyampau tubuh ke mit agi tang agi mayuh, baka Kedayan, Jawa, Bugis, Murut, enggau India.[199] Ba taun 2015, bansa Bidayuh enggau Iban kedua-dua bansa asal Sarawak diaku enggau rasmi ulih perintah Malaysia ti mungkur bansa Dayak.[200] Bisi lebih 50 suku bansa ke agi bisi tauka punas di Sarawak tang semina suku bansa ke besai dirintaika dalam Konstitusyen Perintah Besai Malaysia.[201]
Penyampau tubuh bansa Iban di Sarawak manggai 1,389,926 iku, bepelasarka statistik taun 2022, nyadika iya raban bansa ke pemadu mayuh di negeri tu.[188] Kelia, bansa Iban nya raban bansa ti balat ngemeratka status sosial, kelebih agi ngagai sida ti mandangka pengelandik beperang sereta mega ngagai sida ti ngayanka pengelandik dalam mayuh bengkah pengawa baka bumai enggau oratorium.[202] Taja pan bisi pengaruh moden, bansa Iban agi ngemeranka mayuh bengkah pengawa asal sida baka Gawai Antu enggau Gawai Dayak[203]
Taja pan penatai raban bansa China di Sarawak berengkah ari abad ke-6 AD maya orang dagang keterubah datai ke nengeri tu, tang penyampau tubuh bansa China kemaya hari tu tebal agi mungkur komuniti ti bepun ari orang ke datai ari menua bukai maya jeman Brooke suba.[46] Pemindah tu dipejalai ketegal peluang gawa ba lombong emas di Bau. Mayuh orang China ba Sarawak megai pengarap Buddha enggau Kristian,[204] lalu bejaku ngena mayuh macham jaku China selatan: Kanton, Fuzhou, Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew, enggau Henghua (bansa Putian), kelimpah ari jaku Mandarin. Sida ngintu pengerami budaya ti besai baka Hungry Ghost Festival enggau Taun Baru China mayuh baka aki ini sida.[205] Raban bansa China ke ngentapka pendiau di Sarawak ukai semina ba siti-siti kandang menua aja. Sida ke berumah di Kuching ngereja nya semak Sungai Sarawak ba sebengkah endur ke diatu dikumbai Chinatown.[206] Bala orang ke datai ari menua Fuzhou, Fujian, betuaika Wong Nai Siong dalam taun 1901, ngentapka diri ba sepemanjai Batang Rajang ba endur ke diatu dikumbai Sibu, ketegal Pengelaban Boxer,[207] seraya sida ke datai di Miri ngiga pengawa ba lombong arang batu enggau minyak.[206]
Maya jeman Brooke, bansa Melayu Sarawak mayuh nyadi orang berikan,[205] ngujungka kampung sida betumpu ba sepemanjai tebing sungai. Taja pia, enggau penatai pemansang mengeri, mayuh orang Melayu udah mindah ngiga pengawa ba sektor perintah enggau peribit. Ari sukut tradisional, sida dikelala enggau pengawa kraf pirak enggau temaga, ukir kayu, enggau tekstil.[46][208]
Raban bansa Melanau nya raban bansa asal Sarawak ti diau ba kandang endur kelebih agi ngelingi mengeri moden Mukah, ke alai sida gawa nyadi orang berikan enggau tukang sereta mega tukang ngaga perau ke tebilang. Ari segi sejarah bansa Melanau ngemeranka Animisme, iya nya pengarap ti madahka roh nguan utai dalam rampa menua sida, lalu taja pan pengawa tu agi dikemeranka nyentuk ke sehari tu, tebal agi bansa Melanau udah masuk pengarap Kristian enggau Islam kenyau ari nya.[46][209][note 1][210]
Raban bansa Bidayuh mayuh diau ba Bagi Menua Kuching, enggau Serian,[211] ti disebut orang Eropah ke dulu diau dia nyadi Dayak Darat laban nitihka tradisyen sida diau ba bukit batu kapur ti curam. Sida tu manggai 7.3 peratus penyampau peranak menua Sarawak lalu nyadi bansa asal bansa Dayak kedua pemadu mayuh, nangkanka bansa Iban. Bansa Bidayuh endang peranak asal ari kandang menua ti mungkur bagi menua kemaya hari tu iya nya Kuching enggau Serian. Taja pan dianggap seiti bansa, jaku sida bebida ba pelilih menua ngujungka dialek ti enda ulih diperetika bansa Bidayuh ari luar kandang menua semak,[212] ngujungka jaku English enggau jaku Melayu nyadi lingua franca. Baka mayuh bansa asal bukai, majoriti bansa Bidayuh udah tama pengarap Kristian,[46] tang agi diau ba kampung ti bisi rumah panjai, enggau penambah baruk bulat ti nyelai endur gempuru komunal diatur.[46]
Mayuh bengkah suku bansa ke diau di pedalaman Sarawak baka bansa Kenyah, Kayan, Lun Bawang, Kelabit, Penan, Bisaya, enggau Berawan disebut begulai enggau nama Orang Ulu. Dalam jaku Iban, nama tu ngayanka endur suku bansa tu ngentapka pendiau;[46] tebal agi sida diau semak lembangan parit Sungai Baram.[213] Kededua pengawa kayu enggau seni nyadi aspek ti tampak bendar dalam budaya Orang Ulu ti dichuntoka enggau rumah panjai ti dibungkur mural, perau kayu ti diukir, enggau tatu.[46] Kereban musik ke tebilang ari bansa Orang Ulu iya nya sape ti datai ari bansa Kayan[213] Bansa Kelabit enggau Lun Bawang endang dikelala laban ngeluarka berau wangi.[214][213] Baka mayuh bengkah bansa asal Sarawak ke bukai, majoriti bansa Orang Ulu bepengarap Kristian.[46]
Jaku
(click image to enlarge)
Jaku English udah nyadi jaku resmi Sarawak berengkah ari taun 1963 nyentukka taun 1974 ketegal peyangkal ari Kepala Menteri Keterubah Sarawak Stephen Kalong Ningkan deka ngena jaku Melayu ba Sarawak.[215] Maya taun 1974, Kepala Menteri Sarawak ke baru maya nya Abdul Rahman Ya'kub nikika status Jaku Melayu berimbai enggau jaku English nyadi jaku resmi Sarawak.[216][note 2] Status baru ti diberi ngagai jaku Melayu tu ditegapka agi enggau standard pelajar baru ti ngalihka kurikulum ngagai jaku Melayu.[217] Dalam taun 1985 jaku English lenyau status jaku rasmi, semina tinggal jaku Melayu aja.[215][note 3] Taja bisi polisi rasmi, kaban penyakal Sarawak bepenemu jaku Inggeris mengkang nyadi jaku resmi de facto Sarawak.[218] Jaku English agi dikena ba kot undang-undang, enggau dewan legislatif nengeri.[219][220] Dalam taun 2015, Kepala Menteri Adenan Satem mulaika jaku English nyadi jaku resmi.[221][222][223] Autonomi jaku Sarawak enda ngerembai ngagai sistem pelajar, enggau silibus jaku dikuasa perintah besai.[224]
Taja pan tukuh rasmi jaku Melayu iya nya Jaku Melayu Baku dikena raban pentadbiran perintah, tang iya jarang dikena dalam randau sehari-hari. Dialek setempat Jaku Melayu Sarawak mayuh agi dikena ari jaku vernakular. Jaku Melayu Sarawak nya jaku ti pemadu suah dikena Melayu Sarawak enggau suku bansa asal bukai. Jaku Iban ti ngembuan variasyen pelilih menua ti mit nyadi jaku asal ti pemadu mayuh dikena, enggau 60 peratus peranak Sarawak ngena jaku nya nyadi jaku keterubah. Jaku Bidayuh ke bisi enam bengkah dialek besai dikena 10 peratus peranak menua nya. Raban bansa Orang Ulu ngembuan urung 30 bengkah dialek jaku ti bebida. Seraya etnik China asal ari mayuh macham latar belakang sereta bejaku mayuh macham jaku China Selatan baka jaku Kanton, Hokkien, Hakka, Fuzhou, enggau Teochew, sida mega berandau ngena jaku Mandarin Malaysia.[225]
Pengarap
Pengarap Kristian nyadi jalai pengarap pemadu mayuh di Sarawak, ngarika 50.1% ari semua penyampau tubuh nitihka penyampau tubuh 2020.[8] Tu nyadika Sarawak siti negeri Malaysia ti ngembuan majoriti Kristian. Raban indu misi Kristian keterubah di Sarawak iya nya Gerija England (Anglikan) dalam taun 1848, lalu ditangkan enggau Roman Katolik beberapa taun udah nya, enggau Methodist dalam taun 1903. Evangelisasyen keterubah iya nyadi ba raban bansa China ke datai ari menua bukai sebedau ngerembai ngagai animis asal.[226] Denominasyen Kristian ke bukai di Sarawak iya nya Misi Injil Borneo (tauka Sidang Injil Borneo),[227] enggau Baptist.[228] Orang asal baka Iban, Bidayuh, enggau Orang Ulu udah ngemeranka pengarap Kristian, taja pan sida endang ngetanka sekeda ritus pengarap asal sida. Mayuh orang Islam datai ari Melayu enggau Melanau. Pengarap Buddha, Taoisme, enggau pengarap rakyat China mayuh dipegai orang China Malaysia.[229] Pengarap mit bukai di Sarawak iya nya Pengarap Baháʼí,[230] Hindu,[231] Sikh,[232] enggau animisme.[233]
Taja pan pengarap Islam nyadi pengarap rasmi Malaysia, Sarawak nadai ngembuan pengarap resmi.[234] Taja pia, maya Abdul Rahman Ya'kub nyadi Kepala Menteri, Konstitusyen Sarawak diubah ngambika Yang di-Pertuan Agong nyadi tuai Islam di Sarawak lalu meri kuasa ngagai DUN ngemendarka undang-undang bekaul enggau pekara Islam. Enggau atur ke baka nya, polisi Islam ulih ditumbuhka di Sarawak lalu pengawa numbuhka ejensi nengeri Islam ulih nyadi. Rang Undang-Undang Islam Majlis 1978 ngemuntangka pengawa numbuhka Kort Syariah di Sarawak ti bisi kuasa ba kes tikah, ngibun anak mit, betunang, pesaka, enggau kes jenayah di nengeri tu. Kot apil enggau Kort Kadi mega ditumbuhka.[216][note 4]
- Palan pengarap ba Sarawak
-
Katedral St. Joseph, Kuching -
Masjid Lama Negeri Sarawak -
Tepikung Hong San Si
Adat
.jpg)
Endur enggau sejarah Sarawak udah ngujungka mayuh macham bansa, budaya enggau jaku. Ba raban bansa asal Sarawak, pengaruh ari luar udah ngujungka mayuh ubah sepanjai maya. Budaya suku bansa Iban di Sarawak bepalan ba konsep bujang berani enggau penau ngambi pala ari suku bansa bukai maya beperang. Pengawa tu, baka ti nyadika sentral ngagai raban bansa Iban, digaga enda sah ari baruh pegai James Brooke lalu pengujung iya pudar taja pan pengingat pasal pengawa nya agi bisi dipeda ba sekeda rumah panjai.[235] Dua bengkah bansa bukai ari Tanah Tinggi Sarawak iya nya bansa Kelabit enggau Lun Bawang udah meda ubah fundamental ba identiti etnik sida asil terus ari sida masuk pengarap Kristian. Siti ubah ti besai iya nya ubah ba fokus interaksyen sosial sida ari rumah panjai tradisional ngagai gerija setempat. Pengarap sida mega udah mantu nempa penemu dunya sida di luar kampung sida, kelebih agi dikena nimbal ubah.[236] Ba raban bansa Penan, siti ari suku bansa ke penudi agi ngemeranka gaya pengidup nomad dalam kampung, pengaruh luar, kelebih agi pelajar, udah ngujungka penyampau tubuh ti ngemeranka gaya pengidup nomad nya nurun enggau signifikan.[237] Bisi mega ngentapka pendiau pengudah bechampur enggau raban bansa ti bebida, baka bansa Orang Ulu ke bukai.[238] Siti asil terus ari penyelai budaya tu, ti ditempa polisi toleransi ngagai semua bansa, iya nya penyampau raban bansa ti majak nambah ti ukai semina jadi enggau suku bansa Sarawak bukai, tang mega enggau bansa China, Melayu sereta mega peranak menua ti bebansa Eropah tauka Amerika.[239]
Suku bansa asal Sarawak nitihka tradisyen ngena cherita asal dikena ngerembaika budaya sida ari rebak siti ngagai rebak ti nangkanka nya;[240][note 5] chunto pengawa asal tu nyengkaum pengawa bansa Iban iya nya tanda Ngajat,[241] Renong,[242] Ensera,[215][note 6] enggau cherita ari bansa Kayan enggau Kenyah.[243][244]
Ba taun-taun sebedau federasyen, perintah koloni ngaku pelajar British enggau budaya asal benung ngachau rebak baru pengajar Iban. Enggau nya, kena 15hb September 1958, Biro Litaricha Borneo dipenyadika enggau piagam dikena nerenakka sereta meransang litaricha menua tu seraya mega nyukung perintah dalam pengawa ngeluarka dokumentasyen, kelebih agi dalam manuskrip teknikal enggau instruksyen ti deka disadung ngagai bansa asal Sarawak . enggau Sabah. Pia mega enggau jaku asal, dokumen mega deka dikeluarka dalam jaku English, China enggau Melayu. Dalam taun 1977, biro tu di baruh kuasa ejensi perambu enggau pemansang jaku perintah besai, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), ti ngemeranka penerbitan semina dalam jaku Melayu ngujungka pengujung iya ngujungka litaricha asal ti baru ditumbuhka punas.[215][note 7]
Bisi beberapa puluh taun sebedau media chelak berengkah ayan di Sarawak. Sarawak Gazette ti dikeluarka perintah Brooke ngerikod mayuh bengkah berita ti bekaul enggau ekonomi, betanam betupi, antropologi, arkeologi, berengkah diedar dalam taun 1870 lalu majak dikerembaika nyentuk ke jeman moden.[245] Taja pia, dalam beberapa dekad udah bekau federasyen, undang-undang ti nyekat enggau kaul ngagai pengawa dagang mai reti media nya sebengkah dagang ti mayuh diempu perintah.[215][note 8] Siti ari penerbitan teks ti pemadu tumu dikelala di Borneo, Hikayat Panglima Nikosa (Cherita Penglima Nikosa), keterubah kali dichelak ba Kuching, 1876.[246]
Bisi sekeda muzium di Sarawak ti ngintu sereta ngintu artifak budaya Sarawak. Ba kaki Gunung Santubong, Kuching, bisi Kampung Budaya Sarawak, sebengkah "muzium idup" ti mandangka pupu bansa ti bejalaika aktiviti asal ba rumah asal sida empu.[247][248] Muzium Negeri Sarawak nyimpan koleksyen artifak baka tembikar, tekstil, enggau kereban ngukir kayu ari mayuh macham suku bansa di Sarawak, sereta mega kereban etnografi budaya menua nya.[249] Sape Orang Ulu iya nya kereban muzik asal ke pemadu dikelala di Sarawak lalu ditebah ungkup Kuin Elizabeth II maya penemuai rasmi iya ke Sarawak dalam taun 1972 suba.[250]
Pemakai
Sarawak nyadi palan komuniti ke mayuh macham, ngembuan mayuh macham bansa pemakai sereta gaya nyumai ke jarang ditemu ba endur bukai di Malaysia. Pemakai ke tebilang ba nengeri tu nyengkaum laksa Sarawak,[251] mi rangkai,[252] enggau manuk pansuh.[253][254] Negeri tu mega tebilang ketegal kek lapis Sarawak.[255]
Ayan ba media
Sepenyampau filem antarabansa, dokumentari, siri televisyen udah nyadika Sarawak nyadi palan begambar ke batang, baka Farewell to the King (1989), The Sleeping Dictionary (2003), enggau Edge of the World (2021) ke nyadi tebilang.[256][257] Entara filem keterubah diasilka ba menua tu iya nya filem jaku Iban Bejalai ti kala dipandangka ba Festival Filem Berlin dalam taun 1989 enggau filem seram Possessed disaring maya taun 2006.[256]
Peremisi enggau pengerami
Rayat Sarawak ngintu sekeda hari besai enggau pengerami sepemanjai taun.[258] Kelimpah ari pengerami Hari Meredika nasional enggau Hari Malaysia, nengeri tu mega ngintu Hari Sarawak kena 22 Julai enggau hari pengada Gabenor Nengeri.[259][260][261] Raban bansa mega ngintu pengerami diri empu. Tradisyen rumah tebuka tu ngemendarka bansa bukai sama enggau ngintu pengerami nya.[262] Semina Sarawak nyadi nengeri di Malaysia ti ngelaika pengerami Gawai Dayak nyadi hari peremisi besai.[263]
Lumba
Sarawak nganjung tim diri empu nyereta Lumba Empayar British enggau Komanwel 1958 enggau 1962,[264] enggau Lumba Asia 1962; pengudah taun 1963, peranak Sarawak bepekit nyadi sebagi ari tim Malaysia.[265][266] Sarawak nyadi tuai rumah Lumba SUKMA Malaysia ba taun 1990, 2016 enggau 2024,[267] lalu nyadi champion keseluruhan ba lumba enggau main SUKMA 1990, 1992, 1994 enggau 2024.[268] Iya mega nyadi tuai rumah Lumba Para SUKMA dalam taun 1996, 2016 enggau 2024, lalu nyadi champion keseluruhan ungkup 13 edisyen beturut-turut ari taun 1994 nyentuk ngagai taun 2018.[269] Ba taun 2019, kededua Opis Menteri Lumba enggau Main Sabah enggau Sarawak bekerejasama numbuhka Suruhanjaya Lumba enggau Main Malaysia Timur dikena ngemudahka pengawa ngatur mayuh agi program lumba enggau main ba kededua kandang menua nya nyengkaum endur bukai di pulau-pulau Borneo.[270] Perintah Sarawak mega merambu deka ngaga Sarawak nyadi hab e-lumba enggau main ba rantau tu.[271]
Kaul entarabansa
Sarawak udah nyadi negeri/provinsi menyadi Provinsi Fujian ba China.[272]
Peda mega
Nota
- ↑ Ishikawa, 2010 (page 169)
- ↑ Faisal, 2012 ... to make Bahasa Malaysia and English as negeriTemplate:Wp/iba/'s official languages. (page 84)
- ↑ Postill, 2006 ... Malay was accepted as the official language of Sarawak alongside English until 1985, when English was finally dropped. (page 64)
- ↑ Faisal, 2012. Negri is empowered to make provisions for regulating Islamic affairs... (page 86)
- ↑ Pandian, 2014. it became the primary means of passing culture, history, and valued traditions. ... in the fact that oral literature is actualised only in performances; (page 95)
- ↑ Postill, 2006. ... four were oral narratives ... (page 51)
- ↑ Postill, 2006. ;... to encourage local authorship and meet local needs ... (page 51) ... The Bureau ceased to exist in 1977 when it was taken over by the federal body Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.(page 55) ... He concludes that DBP cannot publish books in regional languages (pages 59 and 60)
- ↑ Postill, 2006. ... the government controls virtually all newspapers in Sarawak (page 76)
Penerang
- ↑ "Profil Negeri Sarawak (Sarawak State profile)". Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia (Malaysian Information Department). Diarkib ari asal on 21 April 2015. Diambi 12 January 2016.
- ↑ "Sarawak State Anthem". Sarawak Government. Diarkib ari asal on 7 September 2015. Diambi 12 January 2016.
- ↑ Vernon L. Porritt (1997). British Colonial Rule in Sarawak, 1946–1963. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-983-56-0009-8. Diambi 7 May 2016.
- ↑ Philip Mathews (28 February 2014). Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013. Editions Didier Millet. p. 15. ISBN 978-967-10617-4-9.
- ↑ "Malaysia Act 1963 (Chapter 35)" (PDF). The National Archives. United Kingdom legislation. Diarkib ari asal (PDF) on 14 November 2012. Diambi 12 August 2011.
- ↑
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Sarawak @ a Glance". Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Diambi 13 February 2020.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 "Census Dashboard". Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Diarkib ari asal on 12 November 2022. Diambi 1 March 2023.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sim, Ashley (18 August 2022). "Malaysia Census 2020 reveals Sarawak's population totals 2.453 MLN, Kuching District accounts for 609,000". Dayak Daily. Diambi 18 September 2022.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Facts and Figures 2022". Diambi 27 August 2021.[dead link]Template:Wp/iba/Cbignore Alt URL
- ↑ "Facts of Sarawak". The Sarawak Government. Diarkib ari asal on 23 July 2015. Diambi 23 July 2015.
- ↑ "Postal codes in Sarawak". cybo.com. Diarkib ari asal on 19 May 2019. Diambi 23 July 2015.
- ↑ "Postal codes in Miri". cybo.com. Diarkib ari asal on 4 March 2016. Diambi 23 July 2015.
- ↑ "Area codes in Sarawak". cybo.com. Diarkib ari asal on 21 September 2018. Diambi 22 July 2015.
- ↑ Soon, Teh Wei (23 March 2015). "Some Little Known Facts On Malaysian Vehicle Registration Plates". Malaysian Digest. Diarkib ari asal on 8 July 2015. Diambi 19 July 2022.
- ↑ "Subnational Human Development Index (2.1) [Sarawak – Malaysia]". Global Data Lab of Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Diambi 12 November 2018.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 DOSM. "Department of Statistics Malaysia". www.dosm.gov.my. Diambi 2023-09-11.
- ↑ Sim, Ashley (18 Ogos 2022) "Malaysia Census 2020 reveals Sarawak's population totals 2.453 MLN, Kuching District accounts for 609,000" Dayak Daily. Diambi 18 September 2022.
- ↑ UCA News Reporter (26 Julai 2022) Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom
- ↑ Origin of Place Names - Sarawak Perpustakaan Negara. 2000. Diarkif ari teks asal maya 9 Februari 2008. Diambi maya 18 September 2022.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Niah Cave, Sarawak, Borneo
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Niah National Park - Early Human Settlement
- ↑ Study in Chinese Archeology
- ↑ Adventures Guide: East Malaysia
- ↑ Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times p. 35 disebut Ferrand. Relations, lambar 564-65. Tibbets, Arabic Texts, lambar 47.
- ↑ Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl p. 38 disalin Ferrand. Relations. Lambar 344.
- ↑ David Lea; Colette Milward (2001). A Political Chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania Psychology Press. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-1-85743-117-9.
- ↑ Broek, Jan O.M. (1962). Place Names in 16th and 17th Century Borneo
- ↑ Donald F, Lach (15 Julai 2008). Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery, Book 1 University of Chicago Press. p. 581. ISBN 978-0-226-46708-5. Diambi 18 September 2022.
- ↑ Alastair, Morrison (1 January 1993). Fair Land Sarawak: Some Recollections of an Expatriate Official SEAP Publications. Lambar 10. ISBN 978-0-87727-712-5. Dicapai maya 29 Oktober 2015.
- ↑ Trudy, Ring; Noelle, Watson; Paul, Schellinger (12 November 2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places SEAP Publications. Lambar 497. ISBN 978-0-87727-712-5. Diambi maya 24 September 2021.
- ↑ Graham, Saunders (5 November 2013). A History of Brunei Routledge. Lambar 74–77. ISBN 978-1-136-87394-2. Diambi maya 24 November 2016.
- ↑ James Leasor (1 Januari 2001). Singapore: The Battle That Changed the World House of Stratus. lambar 41–. ISBN 978-0-7551-0039-2.
- ↑ Mike, Reed. "Book review of "The Name of Brooke – The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak" by R.H.W. Reece, Sarawak Literary Society, 1993" sarawak.com.my. Diarkib ari asal maya 8 Jun 2003. Diambi maya 7 August 2015.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Lim, Kian Hock (16 September 2011). "A look at the civil administration of Sarawak" The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal maya 6 Februari 2015. Diambi maya 21 November 2015.
- ↑ Bintulu - Places of Interest Bintulu Development Authority. Diarkibkan ari asal maya 19 November 2016. Diambi maya 24 September 2022.
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Ooi, Keat Gin (2013) Post-war Borneo, 1945–50: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building Routledge. lambar. 7. ISBN 978-1-134-05803-7. Diambi maya 2 November 2015.
- ↑ Marshall, Cavendish (2007). World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, Volume 9 Bangladesh: Marshall Cavendish. lambar 1182. ISBN 978-0-7614-7642-9. Diambi maya 2 November 2015.
- ↑ "The Borneo Company Limited" National Library Board. Diarkib ari asal maya 12 Oktober 2015. Diambi maya 25 Januari 2016.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Simon, Elegant (13 July 1986). "SARAWAK: A KINGDOM IN THE JUNGLE" The New York Times. Diarkib ari asal maya 2 November 2015. Diambi maya 2 November 2015.
- ↑ Charles, de Ledesma; Mark, Lewis; Pauline, Savage (2003). Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei Rough Guides. m/s. 723. ISBN 978-1-84353-094-7. Diambi maya 2 November 2015.
In 1888, the three states of Sarawak, Sabah, and Brunei were transformed into protectorates, a status which handed over the responsibility for their foreign policy to the British in exchange for military protection.
- ↑ Saiful, Bahari (23 June 2015). "Thrill is gone, state museum stuck in time — Public" The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal maya 2 Oktober 2015. Diambi maya 2 November 2015.
- ↑ "History of Sarawak" Brooke Trust. Diarkib ari asal maya 29 November 2016. Diambi maya 24 September 2022
- ↑ "Trekking to Western Julan waterfall, the highest in Sarawak". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 7 October 2018. Diambi 7 October 2018.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 "Geography of Sarawak". Official website of state planning unit Chief Minister's Department of Sarawak. Diarkib ari asal on 23 April 2015. Diambi 14 November 2015.
- ↑ 46.00 46.01 46.02 46.03 46.04 46.05 46.06 46.07 46.08 46.09 46.10 46.11 Frans Welman (9 March 2017). Borneo Trilogy Sarawak: Volume 2. Booksmango. pp. 132, 134, 136–138, 177. ISBN 978-616-245-089-1. Diambi 28 August 2013.
- ↑ Ir. Ooi Choon Ann (1996). "Coastal erosion management in Malaysia" (PDF). Director of Coastal Engineering Division Department of Irrigation and Drainage of Malaysia, Proc. 13th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences: 9 (10). Diarkib ari asal (PDF) on 14 October 2019. Diambi 14 October 2019 – via Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia.
- ↑ "Convention on the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization Done at Geneva on 6 March 1948 [Communication From the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]" (PDF). United Nations. 13 November 1961. Diarkib ari asal (PDF) on 15 December 2019. Diambi 15 December 2019.
- ↑ "The Geography of Sarawak". The official website of Sarawak Government. Sarawak Government. Diambi 18 June 2017.
- ↑ "Pasir Panjang, Kuching". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 27 December 2015. Diambi 27 December 2015.
- ↑ "Damai Beach Resort". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 27 December 2015. Diambi 27 December 2015.
- ↑ "Tanjung Batu Beach, Bintulu". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 17 November 2015. Diambi 27 December 2015.
- ↑ "Brighton Beach/Tanjung Lobang". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 13 April 2015. Diambi 27 December 2015.
- ↑ "Hawaii Beach". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 13 April 2015. Diambi 27 December 2015.
- ↑ Togunwa, Olayinka; Abdullah, Wan (10 August 2017). "Geochemical characterization of Neogene sediments from onshore West Baram Delta Province, Sarawak: paleoenvironment, source input and thermal maturity". Open Geosciences. 9 (1): 302–313. Bibcode:2017OGeo....9...25T. doi:10.1515/geo-2017-0025. ISSN 2391-5447.
- ↑ Hutchison, Charles S. (2005). Geology of north-west Borneo: Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-046089-5. OCLC 162130402.
- ↑ "Sarawak National Parks". Sarawak Forestry Department. Diarkib ari asal on 20 October 2012. Diambi 25 June 2017.
- ↑ "Niah National Park, Miri". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 26 December 2015. Diambi 26 December 2015.
- ↑ "Lambir Hills National Park". Sarawak Forestry Corporation. Diarkib ari asal on 30 May 2015. Diambi 26 December 2015.
- ↑ "Gunung Mulu National Park". UNESCO. Diarkib ari asal on 16 October 2015. Diambi 27 December 2015.
- ↑ "Gunung Mulu National Park (Malaysia)". UNESCO. Diarkib ari asal on 16 November 2015. Diambi 19 March 2017.
- ↑ Vergano, Dan (27 September 2014). "China's "Supercave" Takes Title as World's Most Enormous Cavern". National Geographic. Diarkib ari asal on 31 January 2017. Diambi 6 April 2017.
- ↑ "Deer Cave and Lang's Cave". Mulu National Park. Diarkib ari asal on 12 July 2015. Diambi 27 December 2015.
- ↑ "Clearwater cave and Wind Cave". Gunung Mulu National Park. Diarkib ari asal on 12 July 2015. Diambi 27 December 2015.
- ↑ "Gunung Mulu National Park". Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board. Diarkib ari asal on 17 October 2015. Diambi 27 December 2015.
- ↑ "Borneo plants". World Wide Fund for Nature. Diarkib ari asal on 25 April 2016. Diambi 2 December 2016.
- ↑ "Medicinal plants around us". The Malaysian Nature Society. The Borneo Post. 24 August 2014. Diarkib ari asal on 30 August 2014. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Sarawak National Park – Biodiversity Conservation". Sarawak Forestry Department. Diarkib ari asal on 28 November 2015. Diambi 17 November 2015.
- ↑ "Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 1 and Image 2)". The Daily Telegraph. Diarkib ari asal on 6 February 2011. Diambi 21 August 2014.
• "Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 3)". The Daily Telegraph. Diarkib ari asal on 7 February 2011. Diambi 21 August 2014.
• "Sumatran Orangutans' rainforest home faces new threat". Agence France-Presse. The Borneo Post. 5 May 2013. Diambi 21 August 2014.
• Template:Wp/iba/Cite iucn - ↑ "25 success stories". International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). pp. 44–45. Diarkib ari asal on 13 June 2015. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Semenggoh Nature Reserve". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 8 May 2015. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Matang Wildlife Centre". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 14 May 2015. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Talang-Satang National Park". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 16 November 2015. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Birding in Sarawak". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 16 May 2015. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Similajau National Park". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 8 May 2015. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Diving in Miri-Sibuti Coral Reefs National Park". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 4 May 2015. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Gunung Gading National Park". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 16 May 2015. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Bako National Park". Sarawak Forestry Corporation. Diarkib ari asal on 25 September 2015. Diambi 26 December 2015.
- ↑ "Padawan Pitcher Plant & Wild Orchid Centre". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 9 April 2015. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ Rogers, Alan (14 July 2013). "Wallace and the Sarawak Law". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 15 November 2016. Diambi 15 November 2016.
- ↑ Lian, Cheng (31 March 2013). "Protected wildlife on the menu". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 1 April 2013. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "History". Official website of Forest Department Sarawak. Diarkib ari asal on 19 November 2016. Diambi 16 November 2015.
Mr. J.P. Mead became the first Conservator of Forests, Sarawak Forest Department, in 1919. The objectives of the Department were to manage and conserve the State's forest resources.
- ↑ Barney, Chan. "6. INSTITUTIONAL RESTRUCTURING IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Diarkib ari asal on 19 July 2012. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Sarawak Forestry Corporation – About Us – FAQ". Sarawak Forestry Corporation. Diarkib ari asal on 12 May 2015. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "About Sarawak Biodiversity Centre – Profile". Sarawak Biodiversity Centre. Diarkib ari asal on 6 December 2014. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ Tom, Young (2 February 2011). "Malaysian palm oil destroying forests, report warns". The Guardian. Diarkib ari asal on 29 May 2014. Diambi 28 July 2015.
- ↑ Elegant, Simon (3 September 2001). "Without a Trace". Time magazine Asia. Diambi 14 August 2014.
- ↑ "Sarawak and the Penan". Diarkib ari asal on 8 July 2015. Diambi 17 November 2015.
- ↑ "Sarawak, Malaysia Infringement of the Rights of Indigenous People by Continuous Illegal Logging Practices" (PDF). Human Rights Now. Tokyo, Japan: 16. 2016.
- ↑ "Native Customary Rights in Sarawak". Cultural Survival. 19 February 2010. Diarkib ari asal on 5 October 2015. Diambi 17 November 2015.
- ↑ "Rumah Nor: A Land Rights Case for Malaysia". The Borneo Project. Diarkib ari asal on 8 February 2016. Diambi 17 November 2015.
- ↑ Jessica, Lawrence. "Earth Island News – Borneo Project – Indigenous victory overturned". Earth Island Institute. Diambi 17 November 2015.
- ↑ Rhett, Butler (3 September 2009). "Power, profit, and pollution: dams and the uncertain future of Sarawak". Mongabay. Diambi 17 November 2015.
One dam has already displaced 10,000 native people and will flood an area the size of Singapore.
- ↑ "Bakun Dam". International Rivers. Diambi 17 November 2015.
- ↑ "Sarawak, Malaysia". International Rivers. Diambi 17 November 2015.
Work on access roads to the dam site began but came to a halt in October 2013 when local communities launched two blockades to stop construction and other project preparations from proceeding.
- ↑ Vanitha, Nadaraj (21 September 2015). "Battle Against Illegal Logging in Sarawak Begins". The Establishment Post. Diarkib ari asal on 21 September 2015. Diambi 18 November 2015.
- ↑ Mike Gaworecki (19 August 2016). "Sarawak establishes 2.2M acres of protected areas, may add 1.1M more". Mongabay. Diambi 22 August 2016.
- ↑ Joseph, Tawie (25 October 2012). "'What's really left of our forest, Taib?'". Free Malaysia Today. Diarkib ari asal on 2 November 2012. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ "Types and Categories of Sarawak's Forests". Sarawak Forest Department. Diarkib ari asal on 22 November 2016. Diambi 16 November 2015.
- ↑ Impact of oil palm plantations on peatland conversion in Sarawak 2005-2010 (PDF). Wetlands International (Report). January 2011. Diarkib ari asal (PDF) on 2017-08-20. Diambi 25 June 2017.
- ↑ "GDP By State (2016–2021)". Department of Statistics, Malaysia. 30 September 2021. Diarkib ari asal on 4 August 2018. Diambi 15 July 2022.
- ↑ Furuoka, Fumitaka (2014). "Economic development in Sarawak, Malaysia. An overview" (PDF). Munich Personal RePEc Archive (60477): 1–13. Diambi 18 June 2017.
- ↑ "Government aims to close income gap between urban, rural areas – Uggah". The Borneo Post. 29 September 2016. Diarkib ari asal on 5 October 2016. Diambi 18 June 2017.
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.3 104.4 "The State of Sarawak". Malaysia Rating Corporation. Diarkib ari asal on 18 November 2015. Diambi 12 November 2015.
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedState Planning Unit stats - ↑ Chang, Ngee Hui (2009). "High Growth SMEs and Regional Development – The Sarawak Perspective". State Planning Unit, Sarawak Chief Minister Department. Diarkib ari asal on 21 November 2015. Diambi 21 November 2015.
- ↑ "Petronas' Sarawak o&g fields generate average of 850,000 barrels of oil". New Straits Times. 18 August 2017. Diarkib ari asal on 19 August 2017. Diambi 1 September 2019.
- ↑ Desmond, Davidson (6 August 2015). "Adenan pledges to keep fighting for 20% oil royalty". The Malaysian Insider. Diarkib ari asal on 12 August 2015. Diambi 19 November 2015.
Sarawak Chief Minister Tan Sri Adenan Satem today admitted the oil and gas royalty negotiations – for a hike of 15% from 5% to 20% – with Petronas and Putrajaya have ended in deadlock, but has vowed to fight for it "as long as I'm alive".
- ↑ Rasoul, Sorkhabi (2012). "Borneo's Petroleum Plays". GEO Ex Pro. Vol. 9, no. 4. Diarkib ari asal on 21 November 2015. Diambi 20 November 2015.
A simplified map showing the distribution of major sedimentary basins onshore and offshore Borneo.
- ↑ "An overview of forest products statistics in South and Southeast Asia – National forest products statistics, Malaysia". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Diarkib ari asal on 24 July 2015. Diambi 18 November 2015.
In 2000, of the country's total sawlog production of 23 million m3, Peninsular Malaysia contributed 22 percent, Sabah 16 percent, and Sarawak 62 percent. Sawlog production figures for 1996–2000 are shown in Table 2.
- ↑ Sharon, Kong (1 September 2013). "Foreign banks in Sarawak". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 12 September 2013. Diambi 21 November 2015.
- ↑ "Sarawak shakers". The Star (Malaysia). 27 March 2010. Diarkib ari asal on 21 November 2015. Diambi 21 November 2015.
- ↑ 113.0 113.1 "Generation Portfolio". Sarawak Energy. Diarkib ari asal on 24 November 2013. Diambi 23 November 2015.
- ↑ "Core Business Activities". Sarawak Energy. Diarkib ari asal on 10 July 2015. Diambi 23 November 2015.
- ↑ 115.0 115.1 "Hydroelectric Power Dams in Sarawak". Sarawak Integrated Water Resources – Management Master Plan. Diarkib ari asal on 23 November 2015. Diambi 23 November 2015.
- ↑ Jack, Wong (22 July 2014). "Bakun at 50% capacity producing 900MW". The Star (Malaysia). Diambi 23 November 2015.
- ↑ Christopher, Lindom (11 July 2015). "Making HEPs in Sarawak safe". New Sarawak Tribune. Diarkib ari asal on 23 November 2015. Diambi 23 November 2015.
... Murum HEP had officially started commercial operation on 8 June 2015,"...
- ↑ CK Tan (12 May 2016). "Malaysia exports electricity to Indonesia". Nikkei Asian Review. Diarkib ari asal on 15 May 2016. Diambi 15 May 2016.
- ↑ "Development Strategy". Regional Corridor Development Authority. Diarkib ari asal on 17 November 2015. Diambi 22 November 2015.
- ↑ "What is SCORE?". Regional Corridor Development Authority. Diarkib ari asal on 17 November 2015. Diambi 22 November 2015.
- ↑ "Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy – Register your interest". Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy. Diarkib ari asal on 27 June 2014. Diambi 26 July 2015.
- ↑ "What is RECODA". Regional Corridor Development Authority. Diarkib ari asal on 17 November 2015. Diambi 22 November 2015.
- ↑ "SCORE Areas". Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy. Diarkib ari asal on 27 June 2014. Diambi 31 July 2015.
- ↑ "Samalaju – SCORE". Regional Corridor Development Authority. Diarkib ari asal on 17 November 2015. Diambi 22 November 2015.
- ↑ "Tanjung Manis – SCORE". Regional Corridor Development Authority. Diarkib ari asal on 17 November 2015. Diambi 22 November 2015.
- ↑ "Mukah – SCORE". Regional Corridor Development Authority. Diarkib ari asal on 17 November 2015. Diambi 22 November 2015.
- ↑ 127.0 127.1 Chen Ai Shih (16 March 2017). "RM60 million boost for state tourism". The Borneo Post. Diambi 19 July 2018.
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 "Higher visitor arrivals in 2017, over RM8 billion earned — Minister". The Borneo Post. 17 July 2018. Diambi 19 July 2018.
- ↑ 129.0 129.1 "Sarawak's tourism strategy focuses on sustainable development". Oxford Business Group. 23 April 2015. Diarkib ari asal on 21 November 2015. Diambi 21 November 2015.
- ↑ Ava, Lai (29 July 2015). "Valuable prizes await Hornbill winners". The Star (Malaysia). Diambi 20 November 2015.
- ↑ "Sarawak fest certain to be a rare treat". Bangkok Post. 22 February 2011. Diambi 20 November 2015 – via PressReader.
- ↑ "Shopping Malls in Kuching". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 28 December 2015. Diambi 28 December 2015.
- ↑ "Shopping Malls in Miri". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 4 February 2015. Diambi 28 December 2015.
- ↑ "Fewer tourists visited Sarawak last year, DUN told". The Borneo Post. Diambi 16 June 2016.
- ↑ "Pulling more tourists to Sarawak". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 19 August 2015. Diambi 7 July 2015.
- ↑ "Visitor Arrivals into Sarawak 2015" (PDF). Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Sarawak. Diarkib ari asal (PDF) on 1 July 2016. Diambi 31 May 2016.
- ↑ "Statistic". Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Sarawak. Diarkib ari asal on 6 August 2020. Diambi 25 May 2020.
- ↑ "About Us". MIDCom. Diarkib ari asal on 20 December 2016. Diambi 17 December 2015.
- ↑ OECD Investment Policy Reviews OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Malaysia 2013. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Publishing. 30 October 2013. p. 234. ISBN 978-92-64-19458-8. Diambi 17 December 2015.
All the same, there are important variations in the quantity and quality of infrastructure stocks, with infrastructure more developed in peninsular Malaysia than in Sabah and Sarawak.
- ↑ H., Borhanazad; S., Mekhilef; R, Saidur; G., Boroumandijazi (2013). "Potential application of renewable energy for rural electrification in Malaysia" (PDF). Renewable Energy. 59: 211. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.03.039. Diarkib ari asal (PDF) on 23 November 2015. Diambi 23 November 2015.
- ↑ 141.0 141.1 Alexandra, Lorna; Doreen, Ling (9 October 2015). "Infrastructure crucial to state's goals". New Sarawak Tribune. Diarkib ari asal on 16 December 2015. Diambi 16 December 2015.
"In 2014, 82% of houses located in Sarawak rural areas have access to water supply in comparison to 59% in 2009." Fadillah also said that the rural electricity coverage had improved over the last few years with 91% of the households in Sarawak having access to electricity in 2014 compared to 67% in 2009.
- ↑ "New technologies play a major role in Sarawak's development plans". Oxford Business Group. Diarkib ari asal on 17 December 2015. Diambi 17 December 2015.
- ↑ Mohd, Hafiz Mahpar (2 April 2015). "Cahya Mata Sarawak buys 50% of Sacofa for RM186m". The Star (Malaysia). Diambi 17 December 2015.
- ↑ 144.0 144.1 144.2 "Transport and Infrastructure". Official Website of the Sarawak Government. Diarkib ari asal on 7 September 2015. Diambi 17 December 2015.
- ↑ Harun, Jau (8 August 2015). "New department being set up". New Sarawak Tribune. Diarkib ari asal on 17 December 2015. Diambi 17 December 2015.
- ↑ "RTM Sarawak". rtmsarawak.gov.my. Diarkib ari asal on 4 December 2011.
- ↑ "rtmkk". rtmsabah.gov.my. Diarkib ari asal on 19 January 2009.
- ↑ Thiessen, Tamara (2012). Borneo:Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 98. ISBN 978-1-84162-390-0. Diambi 26 January 2016.
All major roads are dual carriageways; there are no multi-lane expressways. In Malaysia, you drive on the left-hand side of the road and cars are right-hand drive.
- ↑ 149.0 149.1 149.2 149.3 "New land, air and sea transport links will help meet higher demand in Sarawak". Oxford Business Group. 23 April 2015. Diarkib ari asal on 17 December 2015. Diambi 17 December 2015.
- ↑ Then, Stephen (13 September 2013). "Repair Pan Borneo Highway now, says Bintulu MP following latest fatal accident". The Star (Malaysia). Diarkib ari asal on 6 February 2016. Diambi 23 June 2014.
- ↑ Wong, Jack (19 December 2016). "RM16bil Pan Borneo Highway jobs awarded". The Star (Malaysia). Diambi 28 March 2017.
- ↑ "Sarawak Government Railway". Asian Railways. Diarkib ari asal on 14 March 2016. Diambi 14 March 2016.
- ↑ "Sarawak's rapid railway ready by 2015". The Brunei Time. Diarkib ari asal on 14 March 2016. Diambi 29 March 2017.
- ↑ "Sarawak's LRT to be ready in three years, says CM". Malaysiakini. 19 April 2017. Diarkib ari asal on 19 April 2017. Diambi 13 May 2017.
- ↑ "Airlines flying from Malaysia to Kuching". Diarkib ari asal on 30 March 2016. Diambi 30 March 2016.
- ↑ "Hornbill Skyways – Wings to your destination". Hornbill Skyways. Diarkib ari asal on 9 March 2016. Diambi 30 March 2016.
- ↑ Lim, How Pim (18 August 2014). "Sarawak gets 3 more hospitals". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 22 August 2014. Diambi 19 December 2015.
- ↑ "Alternative pathways to overcome the lack of specialists in Sarawak". The Borneo Post. 15 November 2014. Diambi 19 December 2015.
Dr Jerip said there were currently 248 specialists distributed among the major hospitals in the state, comprising the Sarawak General Hospital, Sibu Hospital and Miri Hospital, as well as several divisional hospitals.
- ↑ "Sarawak makes efforts to boost access to health care". Oxford Business Group. 23 April 2015. Diambi 19 December 2015.
Sarawak's 221 public health clinics include only seven rural clinics. Services for the poor are also provided at 1Malaysia clinics, where assistant medical officers provide basic health care, but again, these clinics – of which the state has 18 – have historically been located mainly in urban areas.
- ↑ "About Us". Sarawak Heart Centre. Diarkib ari asal on 16 June 2021. Diambi 29 March 2023.
- ↑ Nigel, Edgar (4 December 2013). "Wednesday, 4 December 2013 Sarawak recognises importance of private hospitals such as Borneo Medical Centre". The Star (Malaysia). Diambi 19 December 2015.
- ↑ "Quality of Life". The Sarawak Government. Diarkib ari asal on 9 September 2015. Diambi 19 December 2015.
- ↑ "Sarawak Hospice Society". Sarawak Hospice Society. Diarkib ari asal on 26 January 2015. Diambi 19 December 2015.
- ↑ Johnson, K Saai (28 October 2010). "People still dump mental patients at Hospital Sentosa". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 19 December 2015. Diambi 19 December 2015.
- ↑ "Sarawak wants more participation in private healthcare sector". The Rakyat Post. 1 August 2015. Diarkib ari asal on 22 December 2015. Diambi 19 December 2015.
- ↑ Chin, Mui Yoon (27 February 2012). "Access to healthcare a challenge for Sarawak's interior folk". The Star (Malaysia). Diambi 19 December 2015.
- ↑ Ariff, K.M; Teng, CL (2002). "Rural health care in Malaysia". Australian Journal of Rural Health. 10 (2): 99–103. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1584.2002.00456.x. PMID 12047504.
The FDS in Sarawak was launched in 1973 to provide healthcare to communities residing outside the 'extended operational area' limits of the health centre (beyond 12 km).
- ↑ Koshy, Rachel (1 October 2013). "Flying doctor service in East Malaysia: Rachel Koshy". European Journal of Public Health. 23 (1): 223. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt123.184.
- ↑ Leng Chee, Heng; Barraclough, Simon (6 March 2007). Health Care in Malaysia: The Dynamics of Provision, Financing and Access. Routledge. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-134-11295-1. Diambi 30 March 2016.
- ↑ Leng Chee, Heng; Barraclough, Simon (6 March 2007). Health Care in Malaysia: The Dynamics of Provision, Financing and Access. Routledge. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-134-11295-1. Diambi 30 March 2016.
While there were systems of tradiional medicine and a traditional pharmacopoenia amongst the indigenous communities in Sarawak, they have largely fallen into disuse ...
• Bawin Anggat, Nicholas. "Traditional Medicines of Borneo at Risk" (PDF). Diarkib ari asal (PDF) on 30 March 2016. Diambi 30 March 2016.
• "Chinese traditional medicine". The Borneo Post. 8 November 2012. Diarkib ari asal on 14 November 2012. Diambi 30 March 2016. - ↑
Abuduli, Maihebureti; Ezat, Sharifa; Aljunid, Syed (2011). "Role of traditional and complementary medicine in universal coverage" (PDF). Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine. 11 (2): 1. Diambi 30 March 2016.
There are nine integrated public hospitals which are practicing T&CM in Malaysia. ... Sarawak General Hospital ... These hospitals practice traditional Malay massage, acupuncture, herbal oncology and postnatal massage.
- ↑ 172.0 172.1 "Education". Official Website of the Sarawak Government. Diarkib ari asal on 7 September 2015. Diambi 21 December 2015.
- ↑ "Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia - Institutions". Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia. Diarkib ari asal on 6 April 2017. Diambi 6 April 2017.
- ↑ Ooi, May Sim (21 February 2016). "Pre-school education crucial". The Star Online. Star Media Group Berhad. Diambi 3 April 2017.
- ↑ Silcock, T.H (1963). The Political Economy of Independent Malaya:A case-study in development. University of California Press. p. 46. Diambi 21 December 2015.
- ↑ Yussop, Yunus (14 May 2012). "Greater rural wealth with higher literacy rate". Borneo Post Online. BorneoPost. Diambi 3 April 2017.
- ↑ State Planning Unit, Chief Ministers Department. "Sarawak Facts & Figures 2015". p. 40. Diarkib ari asal on 21 August 2017. Diambi 3 April 2017.
- ↑ Edgar, Ong (10 April 2015). "Can you blame Sarawak and Sabah for feeling left out?". The Ant Daily. Diarkib ari asal on 15 June 2015. Diambi 21 December 2015.
The eight schools missing from the incomplete list are St. Thomas's School Kuching (1848), St Mary's School Kuching (1848), St Joseph's School Kuching (1882), St Teresa's School Kuching (1885), St Michael's School Sandakan (1886), St Michael's School Penampang (1888), All Saints' School, Likas (1903) and St Patrick's School Tawau (1917).
- ↑ 179.0 179.1 "Sarawak's public and private sectors work together to revamp education". Oxford Business Group. 23 April 2015. Diarkib ari asal on 21 December 2015. Diambi 21 December 2015.
- ↑ "砂拉越华文独中通讯录 (Communication directory of Sarawak Chinese independent schools)" (id jaku Chinese). Diarkib ari asal on 31 December 2013. Diambi 1 March 2015.
- ↑ "Of Chinese schools and their student population". Borneo Post Online. 24 June 2016. Diambi 3 April 2017.
- ↑ How Pim, Lim (11 November 2020). "Bumiputera children in Chinese schools no longer unusual". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 11 June 2021. Diambi 6 June 2023.
- ↑ "55,975 bumiputera pupils in Chinese schools". Bernama. The Sun. 17 December 2010. Diarkib ari asal on 26 June 2016. Diambi 26 June 2016.
- ↑ Yes, Sarawak (23 May 2015). "The growth of Technical Vocational Education and Training in Sarawak". The Borneo Post online. Diambi 5 April 2017.
Under the 11th Malaysia Plan from 2016 to 2020, the government has allocated RM1 billion for a Skills Development Fund to enable more students to receive skills and vocational education.
- ↑ "150 Petronas scholarships for MRSM students". The Borneo Post online. 8 March 2015. Diambi 5 April 2017.
- ↑ "Petronas under scholarship fire". The Star Online. 25 June 2015. Diambi 5 April 2017.
- ↑ Newsdesk (10 March 2016). "Petronas continues to support SCaT fair". New Sarawak Tribune. Diarkib ari asal on 6 April 2017. Diambi 5 April 2017.
- ↑ 188.0 188.1 "Sarawak Population by Ethnic Group". State Planning Unit, Sarawak. 2017. Diarkib ari asal on 13 August 2020. Diambi 27 August 2018.
- ↑ "Johari: Urban-rural ratio to hit 65:35 within 10 years". The Star (Malaysia). 17 January 2014. Diambi 24 November 2015.
- ↑ "Vital Statistics Summary for Births and Deaths". Sarawak Government. Diarkib ari asal on 7 September 2015. Diambi 12 January 2016.
- ↑ 191.0 191.1 "The Sarawak People". Sarawak Tourism Federation. Diarkib ari asal on 6 January 2015. Diambi 24 November 2015.
- ↑ "Indigenous peoples – (a) Land rights of Indigenous Peoples". Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM). Diarkib ari asal on 2 October 2015. Diambi 30 November 2015.
- ↑ Ting, Su Hie; Rose, Louis (June 2014). "Ethnic Language Use and Ethnic Identity for Sarawak Indigenous Groups in Malaysia". Oceanic Linguistics. 53 (1): 92–109. doi:10.1353/ol.2014.0002. S2CID 144213737. Diarkib ari asal on 8 December 2015. Diambi 30 November 2015.
In Malaysia, Bumiputera (literally translated as 'prince of the earth' or 'son of the land') refers to the Malay and other indigenous people. ... The Bumiputera in general enjoy special privileges as part of the affirmative action for advancement of the community, and these include priority in university entry, scholarships, and government jobs, special finance schemes, and political positions.
- ↑ Sheith Khidir, Abu Bakar (29 March 2016). "Stateless Penans demand citizenship papers". Free Malaysia Today. Diarkib ari asal on 21 August 2017. Diambi 30 October 2016.
- ↑ "Penans 'stateless' because of fines". The Star (Malaysia). 26 September 2005. Diambi 30 October 2016.
- ↑ "Mobile unit makes NRD applications easy for Penan community". The Borneo Post. 7 April 2016. Diambi 30 October 2016.
- ↑ "Over 150,000 foreign workers in Sarawak hold temporary employment passes". The Sun Daily. 26 October 2015. Diarkib ari asal on 27 October 2015. Diambi 18 December 2015.
- ↑ Sulok, Tawie (11 April 2015). "Illegal immigrants in Sarawak a 'huge problem', deputy home minister admits". Malay Mail Online. Diarkib ari asal on 25 October 2015. Diambi 18 December 2015.
- ↑ Leong, Joe (4 August 2014). "Bizarre names like Tigabelas, Helicopter, Kissing in Borneo are real". The Ant Daily. Diarkib ari asal on 24 November 2015. Diambi 24 November 2015.
There are several other minor ethnic groups placed under the 'others', such as Indian, Eurasian, Kedayan, Javanese, Bugis and Murut.
- ↑ "Putrajaya approves 'Dayak' for 'Race' category in all official forms". The Malaysian Insider. 31 October 2015. Diarkib ari asal on 24 November 2015. Diambi 24 November 2015.
- ↑ "Ethnic Groups of Sarawak". 2 August 2011. Diarkib ari asal on 1 January 2023. Diambi 25 November 2020.
- ↑ Keat, Gin Ooi (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 623–625. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2. Diambi 25 November 2015.
Ibans are found in all political divisions of Borneo but in largest numbers in Sarawak. ... Christian missionaries have been active among the Ibans for more than a century, and today majority of Ibans are Christians.
- ↑ "Our People – Iban – The official travel website for Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo". Sarawak Tourism Board. 6 August 2012. Diarkib ari asal on 25 November 2015. Diambi 25 November 2015.
- ↑ Frans, Welman (2011). Borneo Trilogy Sarawak: Volume 1. Bangkok, Thailand: Booksmango. p. 177. ISBN 978-616-245-082-2. Diambi 2 November 2015.
- ↑ 205.0 205.1 "Ethnic groups". Sarawak Tourism Federation. Diarkib ari asal on 21 October 2015. Diambi 23 March 2017.
- ↑ 206.0 206.1 "Our people – Chinese". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 30 January 2016. Diambi 28 November 2015.
- ↑ John, Barwick. "Huang Naishang (1844–1924)". Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity. Diarkib ari asal on 18 May 2013. Diambi 21 July 2015.
Shortly thereafter, Huang decided to start a new settlement of Chinese in Malaysia in order to escape China's despotism and Fujian's poverty. ... In 1901, Huang traveled with settlers from Fujian to Sibu, where he founded New Fuzhou.
- ↑ "Our people – Malay – The official website for Sarawak Malaysian Borneo". Sarawak Tourism Board. 18 August 2012. Diarkib ari asal on 30 November 2015. Diambi 30 November 2015.
- ↑ Ishikawa, Noboru (15 March 2010). Between Frontiers: Nation and Identity in a Southeast Asian Borderland. Ohio University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-89680-476-0. Diambi 9 November 2015.
- ↑ "Miri Visitors' Guide – Miri's inhabitants". gomiri.com. Diarkib ari asal on 20 May 2015. Diambi 8 August 2015.
- ↑ "Our people – Bidayuh". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 7 December 2015. Diambi 7 December 2015.
- ↑ "Bidayuh longhouse". Sarawak Cultural Village. Diarkib ari asal on 31 July 2012. Diambi 7 December 2015.
- ↑ 213.0 213.1 213.2 Erivina. "Our people – Orang Ulu". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 7 February 2015. Diambi 10 December 2015.
- ↑ Sang, Anisia Jati; Tay, Kai Meng; Lim, Chee Peng; Saeid, Nahavandi (2018). "Application of a Genetic-Fuzzy FMEA to Rainfed Lowland Rice Production in Sarawak: Environmental, Health, and Safety Perspectives" (PDF). IEEE Access. 6: 74628–74647. Bibcode:2018IEEEA...674628S. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883115. S2CID 56597899.
- ↑ 215.0 215.1 215.2 215.3 215.4 John, Postill (15 May 2006). Media and Nation Building: How the Iban became Malaysian. Berghahn Books. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-85745-687-8. Diambi 13 November 2015.
because of his strong defence of English as the language of instruction in Sarawak ... (page 58)
- ↑ 216.0 216.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedFaisal - ↑ "Former Education Minister Calls For Return To Teaching Maths, Science In BM". Bernama. 12 November 2011. Diarkib ari asal on 11 July 2011. Diambi 13 November 2015.
- ↑ Fernandez, Joe (26 November 2015). "DAP: English remains Sarawak's official language". Free Malaysia Today. Diarkib ari asal on 12 January 2016. Diambi 20 December 2016.
- ↑ Sulok, Tawie (20 February 2012). "Usage of English, native languages officially still legal in Sarawak". The Sun Daily. Diarkib ari asal on 13 November 2015. Diambi 13 November 2015.
- ↑ "My Constitution – Sabah and Sarawak". Malaysian Bar. Diarkib ari asal on 14 February 2012. Diambi 13 November 2015.
English was the official language of the State Legislative Assemblies and Courts in Sabah and Sarawak on Malaysia Day, 16 September 1963. Any change of the official language to Bahasa Melayu can only become effective when the State Legislative Assembly of Sabah or Sarawak agrees to adopt federal laws that make Bahasa Melayu the official language.
- ↑ Ogilvy, Geryl (18 November 2015). "Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 5 March 2016. Diambi 2 April 2016.
- ↑ "Sarawak makes English official language along with BM". themalaymailonline.com. 13 August 2022.
- ↑ "Sarawak adopts English as official language". thesundaily.my.
- ↑ "Sarawak schools bound by Jawi syllabus despite legal leeway on official language, says lawyer". Malaysia Today. 1 January 2020. Diambi 2 April 2021.
- ↑ "Sarawak, a land of many tongues". The Borneo Post. 23 December 2010. Diarkib ari asal on 13 November 2015. Diambi 7 January 2016.
- ↑ Carlo, Caldarola (1982). Religions and Societies, Asia and the Middle East. Walter de Gruyter. p. 481. ISBN 978-90-279-3259-4. Diambi 15 December 2015.
- ↑ "SIB & BEM – A Brief Introduction to Origin of SIB". SIB Grace. Diarkib ari asal on 26 November 2013. Diambi 15 December 2015.
- ↑ "List of Baptist churches in Sarawak". Malaysia Baptist Convention. Diarkib ari asal on 20 October 2014. Diambi 15 December 2015.
- ↑ Carl, Skutsch (7 November 2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. p. 781. ISBN 978-1-135-19388-1. Diambi 15 December 2015.
- ↑ "Malaysia Bahai's – Sarawak". bahai.org.my. Diarkib ari asal on 31 March 2016. Diambi 1 April 2016.
- ↑ Chieng, Connie (17 August 2015). "Sarawak is a blessed land of harmony". New Sarawak Tribune. Diarkib ari asal on 1 April 2016. Diambi 1 April 2016.
- ↑ "Sikh Temple". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 10 March 2016. Diambi 1 April 2016.
- ↑ "Animism is alive and well in South-East Asia: What can we learn?". Pravda.ru. 24 March 2014. Diarkib ari asal on 1 April 2016. Diambi 1 April 2016.
- ↑ "Explanation sought on real status of S'wak's official religion". The Borneo Post. 12 December 2015. Diambi 11 December 2015.
The Sarawak State Constitution is clear—Sarawak has no official religion, but the official website stated otherwise. This matter was pointed out by YB Baru Bian (Ba Kelalan assemblyman and state PKR chairman) in his letter to the state secretary in July this year, and no action was taken.
- ↑ Metom, Lily (31 January 2013). Emotion Concepts of the Ibans in Sarawak. Patridge Singapore. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4828-9731-9. Diambi 12 January 2016.
Nevertheless, all these ancient customs pertaining to headhunting are no longer observed in these modern days.
- ↑ Platzdasch, Bernhard; Saravanamuttu, Johan (6 August 2014). Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority States in Southeast Asia: Areas of Toleration and Conflict. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS). p. 383. ISBN 978-981-4519-64-9. Diambi 26 December 2015.
- ↑ Kaur, Jeswan (16 December 2007). "Penan slowly abandoning their nomadic way of life". The Brunei Times. Diarkib ari asal on 26 December 2015. Diambi 26 December 2015.
- ↑ "Equal treatment for Penan community". The Borneo Post. 1 March 2014. Diarkib ari asal on 26 December 2015. Diambi 26 December 2015.
- ↑ Switow, Michael (9 February 2005). "Interracial marriage blossoms in Malaysia". The Christian Science Monitor. Diarkib ari asal on 30 September 2015. Diambi 12 January 2016.
- ↑ Pandian, A; Ching Ling, L; Ai Lin, T (16 October 2014). "Chapter VII – Developing Literacy and Knowledge, Preservation skills among Remote Rural Children". New Literacies: Reconstructing Language and Education. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 95–97. ISBN 978-1-4438-6956-0. Diambi 1 January 2016.
- ↑ "Tarian Ngajat Identiti Istimewa Masyarakat Iban (Ngajat dances a special identity for the Ibans)". Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia (Malaysian Ministry of Information). Diarkib ari asal on 25 April 2015. Diambi 31 December 2015.
- ↑ Nie, C.L.K; Durin, A. "Renong, An Iban Vocal Repertory (Conference paper)". Universiti Malaysia Sarawak. Diarkib ari asal on 31 December 2015. Diambi 31 December 2015.
- ↑ MacDonald, M.R. (16 December 2013). "The tradition of storytelling in Malaysia". Traditional Storytelling Today: An International Sourcebook. Routledge. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-135-91721-0. Diambi 1 January 2016.
The Kayan and the Kenyah, who dwell in the upper region of Sarawak, have a vibrant epic-telling tradition that is elaborate and specialised.
- ↑ Law, Daryll (14 October 2013). "Preserve traditional culture for prosperity, Iban's urged". New Sarawak Tribune. Diarkib ari asal on 31 December 2015. Diambi 31 December 2015.
- ↑ "Sarawak Gazette now available online". The Borneo Post. 31 July 2013. Diarkib ari asal on 9 May 2015. Diambi 5 January 2016.
- ↑ Walker, J.H (13 April 2005). "Hikayat Panglima Nikosa and the Sarawak Gazette: Transforming Texts in Nineteenth Century Sarawak". Modern Asian Studies. 39 (2): 427. doi:10.1017/S0026749X04001507. S2CID 145371339.
- ↑ "Explore Sarawak in Half a Day". Sarawak Cultural Village. Diarkib ari asal on 7 December 2015. Diambi 26 December 2015.
- ↑ "Sarawak Cultural Village". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 26 December 2015. Diambi 26 December 2015.
- ↑ "Malaysian Borneo's Muzium Sarawak: A Colonial Legacy in Postcolonial Context". Cultural Survival. 25 March 2010. Diarkib ari asal on 5 October 2015. Diambi 26 December 2015.
- ↑ Ringgit, Danielle Sendou (26 August 2015). "From dreams into the mainstream". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 31 December 2015. Diambi 31 December 2015.
Aside from that, the late Tusau Padan performed for Queen Elizabeth during her official visit to Sarawak in 1972, ...
- ↑ "Best Sarawak Laksa in Kuching". The Malaysian Insider. 29 April 2015. Diarkib ari asal on 8 August 2015. Diambi 3 January 2016.
- ↑ "Kolo mee, a Sarawak favourite, any time of day". The Malaysian Insider. 14 September 2013. Diarkib ari asal on 9 March 2014. Diambi 3 January 2016.
- ↑ "'Ayam pansuh' — A Sarawak exotic delicacy loved by many (VIDEO)". The Malay Mail. 28 June 2015. Diarkib ari asal on 1 July 2015. Diambi 3 January 2016.
- ↑ "Sarawak Top 10 Iconic Food". Sarawak Tourism Board. Diarkib ari asal on 15 July 2015. Diambi 3 January 2016.
- ↑ "Singer Deja Moss' real passion is Sarawak layered cakes". The Star (Malaysia). 24 March 2015. Diambi 3 January 2016.
- ↑ 256.0 256.1 Ong, Edgar (16 September 2023). "Sixty years of Sarawak on the silver screen". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 17 September 2023. Diambi 17 September 2023.
- ↑ "Sarawak To the World". Borneo Talk. 2021. Diarkib ari asal on 26 July 2021. Diambi 14 August 2022.
- ↑ "Public Holidays 2015". The Sarawak Government. Diarkib ari asal on 7 September 2015. Diambi 7 January 2016.
- ↑ "TYT, CM attend state's 52nd anniversary of independence". The Borneo Post. 23 July 2015. Diarkib ari asal on 11 August 2015. Diambi 7 January 2016.
- ↑ Hunter, M (26 July 2013). "Sarawak's "Independence Day"". New Mandala (Australian National University). Diarkib ari asal on 25 July 2015. Diambi 7 January 2016.
- ↑ "Pomp celebrations for Sarawak Governor's birthday". The Star (Malaysia). 12 September 2015. Diarkib ari asal on 8 January 2016. Diambi 8 January 2016.
- ↑ "CM and wife to have Hari Raya open house at BCCK". 15 July 2015. 15 July 2015. Diambi 7 January 2016.
• Aubrey, S (9 June 2015). "1,000 throng Manyin's Gawai Dayak open house". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 8 January 2016. Diambi 8 January 2016.
• "KTS holds Chinese New Year Open House in Bintulu". The Borneo Post. 9 March 2015. Diarkib ari asal on 16 December 2015. Diambi 8 January 2016. - ↑ "Public Holiday in Sarawak in conjunctions with the Gawai Dayak Celebration". Co-operative College in Malaysia. Diarkib ari asal on 8 January 2016. Diambi 8 January 2016.
- ↑ "Commonwealth Games Federation – Countries – Sarawak". Commonwealth Games Federation. 11 January 2016. Diambi 11 January 2016.
- ↑ "Japan top the list with 73 'golds'". The Straits Times. 5 September 1962. Diambi 11 January 2016.
- ↑ "Jakarta 1962". Olympic Council of Asia. Diarkib ari asal on 1 January 2016. Diambi 11 January 2016.
- ↑ "S'wak to host Sukma in 2016 — Khairy". The Borneo Post. 4 September 2013. Diarkib ari asal on 11 January 2016. Diambi 11 January 2016.
- ↑ Pail, Salena (22 October 2015). "CM revs up momentum for 2016 S'wak Sukma". The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal on 11 January 2016. Diambi 11 January 2016.
- ↑ Tieng Hii, Ting (6 November 2022). "Sarawak's reign as Para Sukma overall champions ends". The Borneo Post. Diambi 13 November 2022.
- ↑ Matthew Umpang (5 September 2019). "Sabah, S'wak Sports Ministries to work together to create East Malaysia Sports Commission". The Borneo Post. Diambi 8 October 2019.
- ↑ Nigel Edgar (27 January 2019). "Sarawak hopes to become an eSports hub in the region one day". Dayak Daily. Diarkib ari asal on 30 October 2019. Diambi 30 October 2019.
- ↑ "Sister Provinces (Sarawak, Malaysia)". Foreign Affairs Office of the People's Government of Fujian Province, China. 30 January 2018. Diarkib ari asal on 27 September 2019. Diambi 27 September 2019.
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