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Wt/sco/du

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Wt > sco > du
See also: Wt/sco/Appendix:Variations o "du"

Alemannic German edit

Pronunciation edit

Pronoun edit

du

  1. thoo, ye

Declension edit

Alemannic German personal pronoons
nominative accusative dative possessive
1st person seengular ich, i mich, mi mir, mer miin
2nt person seengular familiar du dich dir diin
polite Si Ine, Ene Ire
3rd person seengular m er in im siin
f si ire
n es im siin
1st person plural mir öis öise
2nt person plural ir öi öie
3rd person plural si ine, ene ire

Amanab edit

Noun edit

du

  1. a kynd o bird

Breton edit

Etymology edit

Frae Proto-Brythonic *duβ, frae Proto-Celtic *dubus, frae Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

Pronunciation edit

Adjective edit

du

  1. black
  2. swalt
  3. stairved

Noun edit

du m

  1. black

Mutation edit

  Mutation o du  
Breton consonant mutation
unmutatit saft aspirate Wt/sco/haurd mixed
seengular du zu unchynged tu tu
plural d{{{3}}} z{{{3}}} unchanged t{{{3}}} t{{{3}}}

Cornish edit

Etymology edit

Frae Proto-Brythonic *duβ, frae Proto-Celtic *dubus, frae Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

Pronunciation edit

  • (Revived Middle Cornish) IPA(key): [dyː]
  • (Revived Late Cornish) IPA(key): [diˑʊ]

Adjective edit

du

  1. black

Mutation edit

  Mutation o du  
Cornish consonant mutation
unmutated saft aspirate haurd mixed mixed efter 'th
du dhu unchanged tu tu tu

Dens edit

Etymology 1 edit

Frae Old Danish thu, frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”).

Pronunciation edit

Pronoon edit

du (objective dig)

  1. (personal) thoo, ye (2nt person seengular subject pronoon, informal)
See an aa edit
Danish personal pronouns
Number Person Inflection Nominative Accusative Possessive Reflexive Reflexive possessive
Singular First common jeg mig min
neuter mit
plural mine
Seicont common du dig din
neuter dit
plural dine
formal De Dem Deres
Third masculine han ham hans sig sin
feminine hun hende hendes
common den den dens
neuter det det dets sit
plural sine
Plural First — vi os vores
common vor
neuter vort
plural vore
Seicont – I jer jeres
formal De Dem Deres
Third – de dem deres sig

Etymology 2 edit

Frae Old Danish dughæ, frae Old Norse duga.

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

du (imperative du, present dur or duer, past duede, past participle duet)

  1. be guid
  2. be fit

Dena'ina edit

Particle edit

du

  1. interrogative paurticle (placed at the end o the sentence tae mak a quaisten)

Dutch edit

Etymology edit

Frae Middle Dutch du, frae Old Dutch thū, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronoun edit

du

  1. (obsolete or dialectal) Seicont-person seengular, subjective; thoo.

Elfdalian edit

Etymology edit

Frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate wi Swadish du.

Pronoun edit

du

  1. ye (seengular), thoo

Esperanto edit

Esperanto cardinal numbers
 <  1 2 3  > 
    Cardinal : du
    Ordinal : dua
    Adverbial : due
    Multiplier : duobla
    Fractional : duona

Etymology edit

Frae Laitin duo, frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

Pronunciation edit

Numeral edit

du

  1. (cardinal) twa (2)

Derived terms edit

French edit

Etymology edit

Frae Old French del.

Pronunciation edit

Contraction edit

du

  1. Contraction o de + le (o the)
  2. Contraction o de + le; forms the pairtitive airticle

Uisage notes edit

  • The partitive airticle signifies "some", but it eften is nae translatit in Inglis, Dutch, or German.

Gaikundi edit

Noun edit

du

  1. man

Forder readin edit

German edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

Frae Old High German du (akin tae Old Saxon thu an Inglis thou), itsel frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation edit

  • (standard, generally) IPA(key): /duː/
  • (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA(key): /də/
  • In colloquial speech in Germany, the /d/ can assimilate tae a precedin coronal whan the wird is unstressed. This ayeweys happens efter the seicont person seengular verb endin, except in purposefully enunciatit speech.

Pronoun edit

du

  1. thoo, ye (seengular familiar)

Uissage notes edit

  • Du is the informal seicont person pronoon. In polite leid, the third person plural Sie (ayeweys caipitalised) is uised.
  • As a semplifee'd rule ane can say that du is uised amang friends, relatives, an young fowk up tae 25~30 years. Du is ayeweys uised tae address childer up tae 14~16 years, as weel as gods, ainimals, an ither craiturs.
  • Uissage an aa depends a lot on the settin in which fowk meet: twa unacquaintit, middle-aged persons are quite likely tae uise du whan thay meet, for example, in a pub, but much less sae whan thay meet in the street.
  • Uissage varies in different pairts o the German-speakin warld. For example, strangers mey cry ilk ither du mair readily in Berlin nor in Munich.

Inflection edit

German personal pronoons
nominative accusative genitive dative possessive
1st person seengular ich mich meiner
(† mein)		 mir mein
2nt person seengular (familiar)1 du dich deiner
(† dein)		 dir dein
3rd person seengular m er ihn seiner
(† sein)		 ihm sein
f sie ihrer ihr
n es seiner
(† sein)		 ihm sein
1st person plural wir uns unser uns unser
2nt person plural (familiar)1 ihr euch euer euch euer
3rd person plural sie ihrer ihnen ihr
polite address naiturally: 2nt person sg. or pl.;
grammatically: 3rd person pl. 		Sie Ihrer Ihnen Ihr

1Eften caipitalised, especially in letters

Derived terms edit

Further reading edit

Gothic edit

Romanization edit

du

  1. Romanization o 𐌳𐌿

Hunsrik edit

Etymology edit

Frae Old High German du (akin tae Old Saxon thu an Inglis thou), itsel frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation edit

Pronoun edit

du

  1. thoo, ye
    Du bist aarich scheen.
    Ye are sae beautifu.

Inflection edit

Hunsrik personal pronoons
nominative accusative dative
Proclitic Enclitic str. unstr. str. unstr.
1st person singular ich -ich mich meer mer
2nt person seengular
(informal) 		du -du, -de dich deer der
3rd person singular (m) er, där -er ihn en ihm em
3rd person singular (f) sie, die -se sie / ihns se eer re
3rd person seengular (n) es, das 's es ihm em
1st person plural meer mer uns uns
2nt person plural deer der eich eich
3rd person plural sie, die -se sie se denne

Forder readin edit

Ido edit

Ido cardinal numbers
 <  1 2 3  > 
    Cardinal : du
    Ordinal : duesma
    Adverbial : dufoye
    Multiplier : duopla
    Fractional : duima
Ido Wikipedia article on du

Etymology edit

Frae Esperanto du, frae French deux, Spaingie dos, Italian due, ultimately frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.

Numeral edit

du

  1. (cardinal) twa (2)

Interlingue edit

Numeral edit

du

  1. twa

Kurdish edit

Etymology edit

Frae Proto-Iranian *duu̯a (compare Persie دو (do), Pashto دوه (dwa), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀 (duua)), frae Proto-Indo-Iranian (compare Sanskrit द्व (dvá), Marathi दोन (don), Hindi दो (do)/Urdu دو (do), Punjabi ਦੋ (dō)), frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (compare Russian два (dva), Lithuanian du, Greek δύο (dýo), Spaingie dos, Inglis two, Scots twa).

Numeral edit

du

  1. (cardinal) twa (2)

Ligurian edit

Pronunciation edit

Contraction edit

du

  1. contraction o de + u (o the).
  2. contraction o de + u, forms the pairtitive airticle.

Uissage notes edit

  • The pairtitive airticle signifies "some", but it eften is nae translatit in Inglis, Scots, Dutch, or German.

Lithuanie edit

Etymology edit

Frae Proto-Baltic *duwō, frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Latvian divi. Cognate tae Laitin duo.

Numeral edit

du m (feminine dvi)

  1. (cardinal) twa (2)

Declension edit

    declension o du
masculine feminine
nominative du dvi
genitive dviejų dviejų
dative dviem dviem
accusative du dvi
instrumental dviem dviem
locative dviejuose dviejose
    forms o du
masculine feminine
quantitative du dvi
plural dveji dvejos
collective dvejetas dvejeta
ordinal antras antra

Lojban edit

Etymology edit

Derived frae dunli.

Pronunciation edit

Cmavo edit

du (rafsi dub or du'o)

  1. (identity selbri) x1 equals x2, x3, x4, ...
    li pa su'i vo du li mu
    one plus four equals five

See also edit

Lawer Sorbian edit

Etymology edit

Frae Proto-Slavic *jьdǫ (first-person seengular) an *jьdǫtь (third-person plural), inflectit forms o *jьti.

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

du

  1. first-person singular present of hyś
  2. third-person plural present of hyś

Synonyms edit

  • (first-person seengular): źom

Luxembourgish edit

Etymology edit

Frae Proto-Germanic *þū.

Pronunciation edit

Pronoun edit

du

  1. seicont-person seengular, informal, nominative: ye, thoo
    Wéi al bass du? ― Hou auld are ye?

Declension edit

Luxembourgish personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative reflexive
str. unstr. str. unstr. str. unstr.
1st person singular ech — mech — mir mer mech
2nt person singular
(informal) 		du de dech — dir der dech
2nt person singular
(formal) 		Dir — Iech — Iech — Iech
3rd person singular (m) hien en en — him em sech
3rd person singular (f) si / hatt se / et si / hatt se / et hir / him — / em sech
3rd person singular (n) et 't et 't him em sech
1st person plural mir mer eis / ons — eis / ons — eis / ons
2nt person plural dir der iech — iech — iech
3rd person plural si — si — hinnen – sech

Mandarin edit

Romanization edit

du

  1. Nonstaundart spellin o dū.
  2. Nonstaundart spellin o dú.
  3. Nonstaundart spellin o dǔ.
  4. Nonstaundart spellin o dù.

Uissage notes edit

  • Scots transcriptions o Mandarin speech eften fail tae distinguish atween the creetical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin leid, uisin wirds such as this ane withoot the appropriate indication o tone.

Middle Dutch edit

Etymology edit

Frae Old Dutch thū, frae Proto-Germanic *þū.

Pronunciation edit

Pronoun edit

du

  1. thoo, ye (seengular, informal)
    Synonyms: gi

Uissage notes edit

This pronoon begoud tae be replaced bi gi in formal address during the Middle Dutch period, an eventually fell oot o uise awthegither.

Inflection edit

Middle Dutch personal pronoons
seengular plural
1st 2nt 3rd 1st 2nt 3rd
masc. fem. neut.
nominative ic du hi si het wi gi si
accusative mi di hem, hen haer ons u hem, hen
dative hem, hen
genitive mijn dijn sijn haer sijn onse uwe haer

Descendants edit

  • Limburgish: doe

Further reading edit

  • “du”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
  • “du”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, 1929

Middle Low German edit

Pronunciation edit

Etymology edit

Frae Old Saxon thū, frae Proto-Germanic *þū.

Pronoun edit

dû

  1. thoo, ye (seicont person seengular nominative)

Declension edit

Middle Low German personal pronoons
nominative accusative dative genitive
1st person seengular ik (ek) mî (mê, mik, mek) mîn (mîner)
2nt person seengular dû dî (dê, dik, dek) dîn (dîner)
3rd person seengular
m hê (hî, hie) ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn) ēme, em (ȫme, en) sîn (sîner)
n it (et)
f sê (sî, sie, sü̂) ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
1st person plural wî (wê, wie) uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) unser (ûser)
2nt person plural gî (jê, î) jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) jûwer (ûwer)
3rd person plural sê (sî, sie) em, öm, jüm (en) ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)

For an explanation o the forms in brackets see here.


Descendants edit

Norman edit

Etymology edit

Frae Laitin dux, ducem.

Noun edit

du m

  1. duke

Related terms edit

North Frisian edit

Etymology edit

Frae Proto-Germanic *dōną. Cognates include Mooring North Frisian düünj an Wast Frisian dwaan.

Verb edit

du

  1. (Föhr-Amrum) tae dae
  2. (Föhr-Amrum) tae gie

Conjugation edit

Conjugation o du
infinitive I du
infinitive II tu duen
past pairteeciple den
imperative seengular du
imperative plural du'em
  present past
1st-person seengular ik du ik ded, diad
2nt-person seengular dü deest dü dedst, diadst
3rd-person seengular hi/hat/at dee hi/hat/at ded, diad
1st-person dual wat du wat ded, diad
2nd-person dual jat du jat ded, diad
1st-person plural wi du wi ded, diad
2nt-person plural jam du jam ded, diad
3rd-person plural jo du jo ded, diad
  perfect pluperfect
1st-person seengular ik haa den ik hed den
2nt-person seengular dü heest den dü hedst den
3rd-person seengular hi/hat/at hee den hi/hat/at hed den
1st-person dual wat haa den wat hed den
2nt-person dual jat haa den jat hed den
1st-person plural wi haa den wi hed den
2nt-person plural jam haa den jam hed den
3rd-person plural jo haa den jo hed den
  futur (skel) futur (wel)
1st-person seengular ik skal du ik wal du
2nt-person seengular dü skääl du dü wääl du
3rd-person seengular hi/hat/at skal du hi/hat/at wal du
1st-person dual wat skel du wat wel du
2nt-person dual jat skel du jat wel du
1st-person plural wi skel du wi wel du
2nt-person plural jam skel du jam wel du
3rd-person plural jo skel du jo wel du


Northren Sami edit

Pronoun edit

du

  1. accusative and genitive of don

Norse Bokmål edit

Etymology edit

Frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation edit

Pronoun edit

du (objective case deg)

  1. thou, you (second person, singular)

References edit

See also edit

    Personal pronouns in Bokmål
Nominative Objective case Genitive/Possessive pronoun
Singular
First person jeg meg min m
Second person du deg din m
Third person m han han/ham hans
Third person f hun henne hennes
Third person n det det dets
Third person, nonhuman m/f den den dens
Plural
First person vi oss vår m
Seicont person dere dere deres
Third person de dem deres

Norse Nynorsk edit

Etymology edit

Frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation edit

Pronoon edit

du (objective case deg)

  1. thoo, ye (seicont person, seengular)

References edit

See also edit

    Personal pronouns in Nynorsk
Nominative Objective case Genitive/Possessive pronoun
Singular
First person eg meg min m
Seicont person du deg din m
Third person m han han, honom3 hans
Third person f ho ho, henne hennar, hennes4
Third person n det, dat1 det, dat1 dess 2
Plural
First person me, vi oss vår m
Seicont person de, dokker dykk, dokker dykkar, dokkar, deires4
Third person dei dei, deim3 deira
Notes
1Never part o offeecial Nynorsk/Landsmål. Primarily uised afore Landsmål received an offeecial written norm.
2Rare or leeterary
3Na langer pairt o the offeecial written norm. Nou primarily uised in Høgnorsk texts.
4Na langer pairt o the offeecial written norm. These non-tradeetional furms wur addit tae the norm tae either approach the the Samnorsk ideal or certain dialects.

Novial edit

Novial cardinal numbers
 <  1 2 3  > 
    Cardinal : du
    Ordinal : duesmi

Numeral edit

du

  1. (cardinal) twa


Auld French edit

Alternative forms edit

Contraction edit

du

  1. contraction o de + le (o the)

Auld Heich German edit

 
ane drawing o the inscription on the Bülach fibula

Etymology edit

Frae Proto-Germanic *þū, whance an aa Old English þu, Old Norse þú, an ultimately frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation o the pronoon is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which mey shaw ᛞᚢ (du) awready differentiatit frae ither Germanic leids’ þu.

Pronunciation edit

Pronoun edit

du

  1. thoo, ye (seicont-person seengular pronoon)
    • 3rd-6t century, inscription on the Bülach fibula:
      ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...
      frifridil / du / […]
      Frifridil, you / […]

Descendants edit

  • German: du

See an aa edit

  • fridil (“a pet name for a male luver”)

References edit

  • Heinz Klingenberg, Runenfibel von Bülach, Kanton Zürich. Liebesinschrift aus alemannischer Frühzeit, in the Alemannisches Jahrbuch (1973/75), page 308
  • Heinz Klingenberg, Die Runeninschrift aus Bülach, in Helvetia archaeologica, vollum 7 (1976), pages 116–121
  • Stephan Opitz, Südgermanische Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark aus der Merowingerzeit (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1977)

Romanian edit

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

du

  1. seicont-person seengular imperative form o duce.
    Du-te acasă.
    Gae hame.

Swedish edit

Alternative forms edit

Dialects

Etymology edit

Frae Old Swedish þū, frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.

Pronunciation edit

Pronoun edit

du

  1. (personal) ye (familiar sg.).
  2. (personal) thoo.

Declension edit

Swadish personal pronouns
subject object posessive
singular full full common neuter plural
1st person jag mig min mitt mina
2nt person du dig din ditt dina
3rd person masculine han honom hans
3rd person feminine hon henne hennes
3rd person common den den dess
3rd person neuter det det dess
3rd person indefinite man en ens
3rd person reflexive — sig sin sitt sina
plural
1st person vi oss vår vårt våra
2nt person ni er er ert era
3rd person de dem deras
3rd person reflexive — sig sin sitt sina

Venetian edit

Etymology edit

Compare Italian due

Numeral edit

du m

  1. twa

Synonyms edit

Vietnamese edit

Etymology edit

Sino-Vietnamese, frae 遊/游

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

du

  1. walk

Derived terms edit

Welsh edit

Etymology edit

Frae Proto-Brythonic *duβ, frae Proto-Celtic *dubus, frae Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.

Pronunciation edit

Adjective edit

du (feminine seengular du, plural duon, equative dued, comparative duach, superlative duaf)

  1. black
    Mae ganddo fo fwstash du.
    He haes a black mustache

See also edit

Colours in Welsh · lliwiau (layout · text)
     coch      gwyrdd      melyn      melynwyn      gwyn
     rhudd      majenta      glaswyrdd      gwyrdd leim      pinc
     indigo      glas      oren, melyngoch      llwyd      fioled
     du      porffor      brown      asur, gwynlas      gwyrddlas

Mutation edit

Welsh mutation
radical saft nasal aspirate
Wt/sco/du unchynged unchynged Hwt/sco/du
Note: Some o thir forms mey be hypothetical. Nae ivery
possible mutatit form o ivery wird actually occurs.
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