Alemannic German
editPronunciation
editPronoun
editdu
Declension
editnominative | accusative | dative | possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person seengular | ich, i | mich, mi | mir, mer | miin | |
2nt person seengular | familiar | du | dich | dir | diin |
polite | Si | Ine, Ene | Ire | ||
3rd person seengular | m | er | in | im | siin |
f | si | ire | |||
n | es | im | siin | ||
1st person plural | mir | öis | öise | ||
2nt person plural | ir | öi | öie | ||
3rd person plural | si | ine, ene | ire |
Amanab
editNoun
editdu
- a kynd o bird
Breton
editEtymology
editFrae Proto-Brythonic *duβ, frae Proto-Celtic *dubus, frae Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editdu
Noun
editdu m
Mutation
editCornish
editEtymology
editFrae Proto-Brythonic *duβ, frae Proto-Celtic *dubus, frae Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.
Pronunciation
editAdjective
editdu
Mutation
editDens
editEtymology 1
editFrae Old Danish thu, frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂ (“you”).
Pronunciation
editPronoon
editdu (objective dig)
See an aa
editNumber | Person | Inflection | Nominative | Accusative | Possessive | Reflexive | Reflexive possessive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | common | jeg | mig | min | ||
neuter | mit | ||||||
plural | mine | ||||||
Seicont | common | du | dig | din | |||
neuter | dit | ||||||
plural | dine | ||||||
formal | De | Dem | Deres | ||||
Third | masculine | han | ham | hans | sig | sin | |
feminine | hun | hende | hendes | ||||
common | den | den | dens | ||||
neuter | det | det | dets | sit | |||
plural | sine | ||||||
Plural | First | — | vi | os | vores | ||
common | vor | ||||||
neuter | vort | ||||||
plural | vore | ||||||
Seicont | – | I | jer | jeres | |||
formal | De | Dem | Deres | ||||
Third | – | de | dem | deres | sig |
Etymology 2
editFrae Old Danish dughæ, frae Old Norse duga.
Pronunciation
editVerb
editdu (imperative du, present dur or duer, past duede, past participle duet)
Dena'ina
editParticle
editdu
- interrogative paurticle (placed at the end o the sentence tae mak a quaisten)
Dutch
editEtymology
editFrae Middle Dutch du, frae Old Dutch thū, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronoun
editdu
Elfdalian
editEtymology
editFrae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Cognate wi Swadish du.
Pronoun
editdu
Esperanto
edit< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : du Ordinal : dua Adverbial : due Multiplier : duobla Fractional : duona | ||
Etymology
editFrae Laitin duo, frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
Pronunciation
editNumeral
editdu
Derived terms
editFrench
editEtymology
editFrae Old French del.
Pronunciation
editContraction
editdu
Uisage notes
edit- The partitive airticle signifies "some", but it eften is nae translatit in Inglis, Dutch, or German.
Gaikundi
editNoun
editdu
Forder readin
editGerman
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrae Old High German du (akin tae Old Saxon thu an Inglis thou), itsel frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronunciation
edit- (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA(key): /də/
- In colloquial speech in Germany, the /d/ can assimilate tae a precedin coronal whan the wird is unstressed. This ayeweys happens efter the seicont person seengular verb endin, except in purposefully enunciatit speech.
Pronoun
editdu
Uissage notes
edit- Du is the informal seicont person pronoon. In polite leid, the third person plural Sie (ayeweys caipitalised) is uised.
- As a semplifee'd rule ane can say that du is uised amang friends, relatives, an young fowk up tae 25~30 years. Du is ayeweys uised tae address childer up tae 14~16 years, as weel as gods, ainimals, an ither craiturs.
- Uissage an aa depends a lot on the settin in which fowk meet: twa unacquaintit, middle-aged persons are quite likely tae uise du whan thay meet, for example, in a pub, but much less sae whan thay meet in the street.
- Uissage varies in different pairts o the German-speakin warld. For example, strangers mey cry ilk ither du mair readily in Berlin nor in Munich.
Inflection
editnominative | accusative | genitive | dative | possessive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person seengular | ich | mich | meiner († mein) |
mir | mein | |
2nt person seengular (familiar)1 | du | dich | deiner († dein) |
dir | dein | |
3rd person seengular | m | er | ihn | seiner († sein) |
ihm | sein |
f | sie | ihrer | ihr | |||
n | es | seiner († sein) |
ihm | sein | ||
1st person plural | wir | uns | unser | uns | unser | |
2nt person plural (familiar)1 | ihr | euch | euer | euch | euer | |
3rd person plural | sie | ihrer | ihnen | ihr | ||
polite address | naiturally: 2nt person sg. or pl.; grammatically: 3rd person pl. |
Sie | Ihrer | Ihnen | Ihr |
1Eften caipitalised, especially in letters
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- Wt/sco/du in Duden online
Gothic
editRomanization
editdu
- Romanization o 𐌳𐌿
Hunsrik
editEtymology
editFrae Old High German du (akin tae Old Saxon thu an Inglis thou), itsel frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editdu
Inflection
editnominative | accusative | dative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proclitic | Enclitic | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | |
1st person singular | ich | -ich | mich | meer | mer | |
2nt person seengular (informal) |
du | -du, -de | dich | deer | der | |
3rd person singular (m) | er, där | -er | ihn | en | ihm | em |
3rd person singular (f) | sie, die | -se | sie / ihns | se | eer | re |
3rd person seengular (n) | es, das | 's | es | ihm | em | |
1st person plural | meer | mer | uns | uns | ||
2nt person plural | deer | der | eich | eich | ||
3rd person plural | sie, die | -se | sie | se | denne |
Forder readin
editIdo
edit< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : du Ordinal : duesma Adverbial : dufoye Multiplier : duopla Fractional : duima | ||
Ido Wikipedia article on du |
Etymology
editFrae Esperanto du, frae French deux, Spaingie dos, Italian due, ultimately frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁.
Numeral
editdu
Interlingue
editNumeral
editdu
Kurdish
editEtymology
editFrae Proto-Iranian *duu̯a (compare Persie دو (do), Pashto دوه (dwa), Avestan 𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬀 (duua)), frae Proto-Indo-Iranian (compare Sanskrit द्व (dvá), Marathi दोन (don), Hindi दो (do)/Urdu دو (do), Punjabi ਦੋ (dō)), frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁ (compare Russian два (dva), Lithuanian du, Greek δύο (dýo), Spaingie dos, Inglis two, Scots twa).
Numeral
editdu
Ligurian
editPronunciation
editContraction
editdu
Uissage notes
edit- The pairtitive airticle signifies "some", but it eften is nae translatit in Inglis, Scots, Dutch, or German.
Lithuanie
editEtymology
editFrae Proto-Baltic *duwō, frae Proto-Indo-European *dwóh₁. Compare Latvian divi. Cognate tae Laitin duo.
Numeral
editdu m (feminine dvi)
Declension
editLojban
editEtymology
editDerived frae dunli.
Pronunciation
editCmavo
edit- (identity selbri) x1 equals x2, x3, x4, ...
- li pa su'i vo du li mu
- one plus four equals five
See also
editLawer Sorbian
editEtymology
editFrae Proto-Slavic *jьdǫ (first-person seengular) an *jьdǫtь (third-person plural), inflectit forms o *jьti.
Pronunciation
editVerb
editdu
Synonyms
edit- (first-person seengular): źom
Luxembourgish
editEtymology
editFrae Proto-Germanic *þū.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editdu
Declension
editnominative | accusative | dative | reflexive | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | |||
1st person singular | ech | — | mech | — | mir | mer | mech | |
2nt person singular (informal) |
du | de | dech | — | dir | der | dech | |
2nt person singular (formal) |
Dir | — | Iech | — | Iech | — | Iech | |
3rd person singular (m) | hien | en | en | — | him | em | sech | |
3rd person singular (f) | si / hatt | se / et | si / hatt | se / et | hir / him | — / em | sech | |
3rd person singular (n) | et | 't | et | 't | him | em | sech | |
1st person plural | mir | mer | eis / ons | — | eis / ons | — | eis / ons | |
2nt person plural | dir | der | iech | — | iech | — | iech | |
3rd person plural | si | — | si | — | hinnen | – | sech |
Mandarin
editRomanization
editdu
- Nonstaundart spellin o dū.
- Nonstaundart spellin o dú.
- Nonstaundart spellin o dǔ.
- Nonstaundart spellin o dù.
Uissage notes
edit- Scots transcriptions o Mandarin speech eften fail tae distinguish atween the creetical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin leid, uisin wirds such as this ane withoot the appropriate indication o tone.
Middle Dutch
editEtymology
editFrae Old Dutch thū, frae Proto-Germanic *þū.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editdu
Uissage notes
editThis pronoon begoud tae be replaced bi gi in formal address during the Middle Dutch period, an eventually fell oot o uise awthegither.
Inflection
editDescendants
edit- Limburgish: doe
Further reading
editMiddle Low German
editPronunciation
editEtymology
editFrae Old Saxon thū, frae Proto-Germanic *þū.
Pronoun
editdû
Declension
editnominative | accusative | dative | genitive | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person seengular | ik (ek) | mî (mê, mik, mek) | mîn (mîner) | ||
2nt person seengular | dû | dî (dê, dik, dek) | dîn (dîner) | ||
3rd person seengular | |||||
m | hê (hî, hie) | ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn) | ēme, em (ȫme, en) | sîn (sîner) | |
n | it (et) | ||||
f | sê (sî, sie, sü̂) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | |||
1st person plural | wî (wê, wie) | uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik) | unser (ûser) | ||
2nt person plural | gî (jê, î) | jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik) | jûwer (ûwer) | ||
3rd person plural | sê (sî, sie) | em, öm, jüm (en) | ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer) | ||
For an explanation o the forms in brackets see here. |
Descendants
editNorman
editEtymology
editFrae Laitin dux, ducem.
Noun
editdu m
Related terms
editNorth Frisian
editEtymology
editFrae Proto-Germanic *dōną. Cognates include Mooring North Frisian düünj an Wast Frisian dwaan.
Verb
editdu
- (Föhr-Amrum) tae dae
- (Föhr-Amrum) tae gie
Conjugation
editinfinitive I | du | |
---|---|---|
infinitive II | tu duen | |
past pairteeciple | den | |
imperative seengular | du | |
imperative plural | du'em | |
present | past | |
1st-person seengular | ik du | ik ded, diad |
2nt-person seengular | dü deest | dü dedst, diadst |
3rd-person seengular | hi/hat/at dee | hi/hat/at ded, diad |
1st-person dual | wat du | wat ded, diad |
2nd-person dual | jat du | jat ded, diad |
1st-person plural | wi du | wi ded, diad |
2nt-person plural | jam du | jam ded, diad |
3rd-person plural | jo du | jo ded, diad |
perfect | pluperfect | |
1st-person seengular | ik haa den | ik hed den |
2nt-person seengular | dü heest den | dü hedst den |
3rd-person seengular | hi/hat/at hee den | hi/hat/at hed den |
1st-person dual | wat haa den | wat hed den |
2nt-person dual | jat haa den | jat hed den |
1st-person plural | wi haa den | wi hed den |
2nt-person plural | jam haa den | jam hed den |
3rd-person plural | jo haa den | jo hed den |
futur (skel) | futur (wel) | |
1st-person seengular | ik skal du | ik wal du |
2nt-person seengular | dü skääl du | dü wääl du |
3rd-person seengular | hi/hat/at skal du | hi/hat/at wal du |
1st-person dual | wat skel du | wat wel du |
2nt-person dual | jat skel du | jat wel du |
1st-person plural | wi skel du | wi wel du |
2nt-person plural | jam skel du | jam wel du |
3rd-person plural | jo skel du | jo wel du |
Northren Sami
editPronoun
editdu
- accusative and genitive of don
Norse Bokmål
editEtymology
editFrae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editdu (objective case deg)
References
edit- “Wt/sco/du” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
See also
editNominative | Objective case | Genitive/Possessive pronoun | |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | |||
First person | jeg | meg | min m |
Second person | du | deg | din m |
Third person m | han | han/ham | hans |
Third person f | hun | henne | hennes |
Third person n | det | det | dets |
Third person, nonhuman m/f | den | den | dens |
Plural | |||
First person | vi | oss | vår m |
Seicont person | dere | dere | deres |
Third person | de | dem | deres |
Norse Nynorsk
editEtymology
editFrae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronunciation
editPronoon
editdu (objective case deg)
References
edit- “Wt/sco/du” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
See also
editNominative | Objective case | Genitive/Possessive pronoun | |
---|---|---|---|
Singular | |||
First person | eg | meg | min m |
Seicont person | du | deg | din m |
Third person m | han | han, honom3 | hans |
Third person f | ho | ho, henne | hennar, hennes4 |
Third person n | det, dat1 | det, dat1 | dess 2 |
Plural | |||
First person | me, vi | oss | vår m |
Seicont person | de, dokker | dykk, dokker | dykkar, dokkar, deires4 |
Third person | dei | dei, deim3 | deira |
Notes | |||
1Never part o offeecial Nynorsk/Landsmål. Primarily uised afore Landsmål received an offeecial written norm. | |||
2Rare or leeterary | |||
3Na langer pairt o the offeecial written norm. Nou primarily uised in Høgnorsk texts. | |||
4Na langer pairt o the offeecial written norm. These non-tradeetional furms wur addit tae the norm tae either approach the the Samnorsk ideal or certain dialects. |
Novial
edit< 1 | 2 | 3 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : du Ordinal : duesmi | ||
Numeral
editdu
Auld French
editAlternative forms
editContraction
editdu
Auld Heich German
editEtymology
editFrae Proto-Germanic *þū, whance an aa Old English þu, Old Norse þú, an ultimately frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂. Perhaps the earliest attestation o the pronoon is the inscription on the Bülach fibula, which mey shaw ᛞᚢ (du) awready differentiatit frae ither Germanic leids’ þu.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editdu
- thoo, ye (seicont-person seengular pronoon)
- 3rd-6t century, inscription on the Bülach fibula:
- ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...
- frifridil / du / […]
- Frifridil, you / […]
- frifridil / du / […]
- ᚠᚱᛁᚠᚱᛁᛞᛁᛚ / ᛞᚢ / ...
- 3rd-6t century, inscription on the Bülach fibula:
Descendants
edit- German: du
See an aa
edit- fridil (“a pet name for a male luver”)
References
edit- Heinz Klingenberg, Runenfibel von Bülach, Kanton Zürich. Liebesinschrift aus alemannischer Frühzeit, in the Alemannisches Jahrbuch (1973/75), page 308
- Heinz Klingenberg, Die Runeninschrift aus Bülach, in Helvetia archaeologica, vollum 7 (1976), pages 116–121
- Stephan Opitz, Südgermanische Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark aus der Merowingerzeit (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1977)
Romanian
editPronunciation
editVerb
editdu
- seicont-person seengular imperative form o duce.
Swedish
editAlternative forms
editEtymology
editFrae Old Swedish þū, frae Old Norse þú, frae Proto-Germanic *þū, frae Proto-Indo-European *túh₂.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
editdu
Declension
editVenetian
editEtymology
editCompare Italian due
Numeral
editdu m
Synonyms
editVietnamese
editEtymology
editSino-Vietnamese, frae 遊/游
Pronunciation
editVerb
editdu
Derived terms
editWelsh
editEtymology
editFrae Proto-Brythonic *duβ, frae Proto-Celtic *dubus, frae Proto-Indo-European *dʰewbʰ-.
Pronunciation
edit- (North Wales) IPA(key): /dɨː/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /diː/
Adjective
editdu (feminine seengular du, plural duon, equative dued, comparative duach, superlative duaf)
- black
- Mae ganddo fo fwstash du.
- He haes a black mustache
See also
editColours in Welsh · lliwiau (layout · text) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
coch | gwyrdd | melyn | melynwyn | gwyn |
rhudd | majenta | glaswyrdd | gwyrdd leim | pinc |
indigo | glas | oren, melyngoch | llwyd | fioled |
du | porffor | brown | asur, gwynlas | gwyrddlas |
Mutation
editWelsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | saft | nasal | aspirate |
Wt/sco/du | unchynged | unchynged | Hwt/sco/du |
Note: Some o thir forms mey be hypothetical. Nae ivery possible mutatit form o ivery wird actually occurs. |