Wp/tvx/Rara ka maka-Taivoan

Taivoan
Rara ka maka-Taivoan
Uni
Nunamuan	Tainan ki Kaohsiung ki Hualian ki Taitung apa to Taiwan
Tautau	Taivoan
Pipina ki tama-urara
Katara'an ki Rara	Austronesian East Formosan Sirayaic Taivoan–Makatao Taivoan
Patah	Patah ka maka-Latin Patah ka maka-Han
Hay kidi ki rara
Hay rara tu
Pukidi'en ki rara
ISO 639-3	`tvx`
Glottolog	`taiv1237`

Hamawat ta lbah kata ki rara ka maka-Taivoan. Hiro ka makiap ko mavangara ki hala, ukitaa ki Maka-Taivoan.

Rara ka maka-Taivoan ta rara ka ni-pura'en ki tautau ti Taivoan, ka ni-papatimawa'ey ato ki tama-matautaux lam ki tautau ka Taivoan ka ma-using.

Rara ka maka-Taivoan ka m-anini^[1]

Kakutungan ki 1-10	Puruh	Puruh ki pakanunamuan	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Proto-Austronesian			əsa isa	*duSa	*təlu	*Səpat	*lima	*ənəm	*pitu	*walu	*Siwa	*(sa-)puluq
Proto-Siraya			*saat	*ðusa	*turu	*səpat	*rǐma	*nəm	*pitu	*kuixpa	*ma-tuda	*saat ki tian
Maka-Taivoan	Suannsamna	Sia-urie	sa'a	zua	to'o	sipat gaspa	u-rima rima	u-rumu rumu	u-pitu pitu	u-waru waru	hsiya	--
	Siaolin	Tevorangh	caha'	zuha ruha duha	--	--	--	--	--	--	matuha	kaipien
	Alikuan	Tevorangh	caha	luha	toho	paha	hima	lom	kito kitot	kipa	macuha	kaitian kaitekin
	Kahsianpoo	Tevorangh	sa'ad sa'at	ruha duha	tohu tuhu	pahad pahat	hima	lum rum	kito kitu	kipat	matuha	kaitian kaitiang
	Dazhuang	Tevorangh Vogavon	ca-ca'a	ra-ruha	ta-to'o	ta-pat	ta-rima	ta-num	tyausen	rapako	ravasen	kaiten
Maka-Taivoan to patutuhen			caha'	ruha	toho	paha'	hima	lom	kito'	kipa'	matuha	kaipien

Uni

Uni ki ana'

	Amax	Tukad	Rikur
Il'b-an	i, y /i/		u /u/
Tamawx	e /e/	e /ə/
Lutuaf-en	a /a/		o /o/
Un-bu pio	ai, ao, au, eo, ie, iu, oa, oe, oi, ui

a /a/: paha'
e /e/: syaben, patahen
e /ə/: paile, koaleng
i /i/: kito'
o /o/: lom
u /u/: matuha
ai /ai/: kaipien
ao /ao/: ngyao
au /au/: tau'
eo /eo/: meo
ie /ie/: kaipien
iu /iu/: liula, liuliu
oa /oa/: Taivoan
oe /oe/: lagoe
oi /oi/: toita'
ui /ui/: babui

Uni ki arak

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p /p/		t /t/ d /d/			k /k/ g /g/	' /ʔ/
Frictive		f /f/ v /v/^{[pukakidi 1]}		s /s/ z /z/			h /h/
Sibilant				c /t͡s/
Nasal	m /m/		n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Trill				r /r/
Lateral approximant				l /l/
Approximant	w /w/				y /j/

b /b/: babui
c /t͡s/: cawla
d /d/: Kasai ta uni kata to rara ka maka-Taivoan nini.
f /f/: tatufi, vansufi
g /g/: agang, agaga'
h /h/: ahagang, hahu
k /k/: kilang
l /l/: kilang
m /m/: matuha
n /n/: nunga
ng /ŋ/: nunga, agang
p /p/: paile
r /r/: ruha
' /ʔ/: paha'
s /s/: kasin
t /t/: Taivoan
v /v/: Taivoan
w /w/: pulaw
y /j/: pokyunn
z /z/: bazun

Kuma ki uni ki arak

Si'uro

hm-: hmai
hnm-: hnmai
ll-: llum
nn-: nnan
pt-: ptingh

Aya-tukad

-kb-: tekbue
-kk-: wikka
-kr-: rakrao
-kt-: taktak
-mb-: lamban
-md-: demdem
-mg-: akuagimgim
-mh-: homhom, imho
-ml-: tamlau
-mr-: rimrim
-ms-: komsim, kamsiya
-mt-: timtim, kamtit
-mv-: lamvat
-nb-: bainban, banban
-nh-: tanhaw
-nk-: anki
-nl-: palinlin, linlon, lanlan
-nr-: mahanru, makahanru
-ns-: vansufi, bansuhwi
-nt-: linta, lantu
-ngb-: langbat, langba
-ngh-: honghieng
-ngk-: takungkung
-ngl-: langlang
-ngt-: tongtong
-pt-: ataptap
-tt-: tattat

Si'awh

-ngh: Tevorangh, ptingh

Hahelan

CV(C) > CV(C)-CV(C)

banban
demdem
homhom
humhum
lanlan
langlang
ngingi
rara
rimrim
taktak
tattat
temtem
timtim
tintin
tangtang
tongtong
tutu
tuktuk

CVC > CVCiCVC

cakicak
sakisak

CVC(V) > CV-CVC(V)

ka-karay
ki-kiz

CVCV > CVCV-CVCVCV

ta'a-hafu-hafuhai

(C)VCV(C) > (C)VCV(C)-CV(C)

alak > ala-lak
ama > ama-ma
amo > amo-mo
amu > amu-mu
ara > ara-ra
api-pit
ate-ten
avu > avu-vu
bi-bid
bi-bit
lat > ula-lat
ta-tak
takung-kung
tosen-sen
unau-nau
vi-vik

(V)CVCV(C)-patah > (V)CVCV(C)-CVCV(C)

aramoramo
bana-bana
bisi-bisi
mabusa > mabusa-busa
homu-homu
natang-natang
nine-nine
pulau > pulau-pulau
songo' > songo'-songo'

(C)VCV(C)-patah > (C)VCV-CV(C)

apu > apupu
karay > karayray
uran > uraran

(C)VCVC-patah > (C)VCVC-CVC

ataptap
palinlin

VCVCVC > VCVCVC-CVC

akuagim > akuagimgim

CVCVCVCV > CVCVCVCV-CVCV

* natalilau-lilau

Ca-Hahelan

girah > ga-girah
lila > la-lila

nim > nanim
rira > ra-rira

Silalan ki Uni


Sililan ki Uni					Paikakunung
PAn	Proto-Siraya maka-Siraya ka Rie	Siraya ka maka-Utrecht	Rara ka maka-Gospel	Taivoan ka maka-Tevorangh	Proto-Siraya maka-Siraya ka Rie	Siraya ka maka-Utrecht	Rara ka maka-Gospel	Taivoan ka maka-Tevorangh	Rara ka maka-Makatao	pahaviriviri'en
*N	*N	-l	-l	n	*quzaN	udal	udal	uran, ulan		rain
					*buraN	vural	vural	buan		Moon
					*θapaN	sapal	rapal	hyapan, rapan		foot
					*tawiN	tawil	tawil	tawin		year
						mutingil		tamatingin, tamatigin		little finger
*l	*r	r	r	Ø / h	*rima	rima	rima	hima		hand, five
					*rutuŋ	rutong		utung		monkey
						ruvog		uvok, huvok		cooked rice
					*tangira	tangira	tangira	tangya		ear
					*darang	darang	darang	la'an		road
					*m-i-rung	maong	miraon	mi'un		to sit
					*turu	turo	turo	toho		three
						rikat	rikat	igak		lightning
						m-ururau		m-o'owao, m-owaowao		sing
d z	ð d	s / d-	d / r-	l / r	*ðuha	sasoa	ruha	luha, ruha		two
					*ðapal	sapal	rapal	hyapan, rapan		foot
					*ðalum	salom	rarum	lalum, rarum		water
					*-ðaya	tagaseia	taareya	sidaya, cidaya		east
					*ðira	dadila		lalila		tongue
					*darang	darang	darang	la'an		road
		-d-	-d-	l / r	*quzaN	udal	udal	uran		rain
		-d-	-d-	l / r		makdung	madadaum	balau		heavy
*R	*ɣ	g	Ø	Ø / k		tagatimog	ta'atimawx	tatibu, butibuk		south
					*waɣi	wagi	wa'i	maki, baki		Sun
						aguang		akam		river
						agit	ait	akut, yakut		belt, girdle
*S	*s	g-	x-	h			ma-xangey	ma-hangay		hungry
		g-	x-	h		goumgoum		homhom		bramble
		-g-	-x-	Ø / h	*-səpat	pa-gpat	xpat	paha'		four
					*-səpat	kugipat	kuixpa	kipa		eight
						tagatimog	ta'atimawx	tatibu		south
		-g	-x	Ø / h / k	*taNas	talag	talax	tara, tarah		house
					*bukəs	vukig	vukux	mukuk, bukuk		(head) hair
						tagatimog	ta'atimawx	tatibu		south
					*waNis	walig	walix	bale		tooth
						ruvog		uvok		cooked rice
*w	*w	*w	*w	b / m	*waNis	walig	walix	bale	lagit (Kalapo), ware (Takketen)	tooth
					*waɣi	wagi	wa'i	maki, baki	wage	Sun
								mabak	mawa（"heart"）	belly
*b	*b	*v	*v	ma / ba bi / bo / bu	*bukəx	vukig	vukux	mukuk, bukuk		(head) hair
					*bixbix	vigvig		bibit		lips
						viil		bin		brothers
						vangara		manga, maga		mortar
						vati		bati		ghost
					*bələm	vulum		baun		cloud
					*bukin	vuking	vukin	bukin		mountain
						mavuta	mavuta	mabuta		blind
						vovoat		mohat		porridge

Kakutungan^[1]

Pikakunun ki tunun^{[pukakidi 2]}
1	caha'	11	saka
2	ruha	12	bazun
3	toho	13	kuzun
4	paha'	14	langlang
5	hima	15	linta
6	lom	16	takuba
7	kito'	17	kasin
8	kipa'	18	komsim
9	matuha	19	tabatak
10	kaipien	20	kaitiyang
21	*ru-ruha kaipien ab ki caha'	30	tu-tuhu kaipien
22	*ru-ruha kaipien ab ki ruha	40	*pa-paha' kaipien
23	*ru-ruha kaipien ab ki tuhu	50	*hi-hima kaipien
24	*ru-ruha kaipien ab ki paha'	60	lo-lom kaipien
25	*ru-ruha kaipien ab ki hima	70	*ki-kito' kaipien
26	*ru-ruha kaipien ab ki lom	80	*ki-kipa' kaipien
27	*ru-ruha kaipien ab ki kito'	90	matuha kaipien
28	*ru-ruha kaipien ab ki kipa'	99	matuha kaipien ab ki matuha
29	*ru-ruha kaipien ab ki matuha	100	ka'atuhan
		4,000	paha' katununan
		5,000	hima katununan

Ni-paki-valey-en ato ta kakutungan ka na saka tu kidi ki kaitian tu Kahsianpoo lam ki raruma ki purux ti Taivoan, mama ki Alikuan ka kasay ki papahaviriviri'an ka ma-ramax. Ni-paka-vana-aw ki papahaviriviri'an ka raruma ki kakutungan ka na 1 tu kidi ki 10, ki liling lava ki kakutungan ka na 11 tu kidi ki 20 ti Taivoan tu caha.

Kakutungan ka si'aw'awh

1st	nunamu
2nd	*araruha
3rd	*atatoho
4th	*apapaha'
5th	*ahahima
6th	alalom
7th	*akakito'
8th	*akakipa'
9th	*amamatuha
10th	*acacaha' kaipien

Kidi ki Paikakuan

Nanang ki Pinalang^[1]^[2]^{[pukakidi 3]}

pinalang		Independent	Nominative	Genitive	Oblique
tu caha	1s	iyaw	kuri, kole	-ku	iyaw-an
	2s	imhu	**ko	-ho	imhu-an
	3s	te tele, tene tuni	ta te, ta tele, ta tene ta tuni	-te -tele, -tene -tuni **-tin	tini-an
ma-tapang	1p.i	*imita	kita	-(m)ita	*imita-n
	1p.e	*imian	*kame	*-(m)ian	*imian-an
	2p	imomi	kamo, kama	*-(m)omi	imomi-an
	3p	*naini	*ta naini	**-nin	*naini-an

Sasolat ki rara ka maka-Taivoan

Pa-ha'en mi-kakua ki madax ki sasulat tu rara ka maka-Taivoan tu kitatay tu takaluluxan apa ka rie alay ki tatanen tmamud, ka aikakun ta "He Bo Lo" ka tatayen ki Xue Pan Qin Jin (薛潘清金) tu Alikuan:

he ei bo lo lo na le ah he

he ei bo lo lo na sai ah he

he ei sai a na ho to na gei ah he

he ei sai i na o he na nng ah he

he ei tai sa kei ki ki ah he

he ei pa ta to ke to kei kei ah he

he ei ma ku ha ku ku a ti ah he

he ei la to o tei sa ba lei ah he

he ei lo a ba te li ki li ah he

he ei ta lo kun tab a tab a ah he

he ei ba ka ba ta’ ou kau sa ah he

he ei ta li kun ta gi chin ah he

he ei tan ma o gei o gei o ah he

he ei koe i ha pa gia kong kong ah he

he ei sa lo u ha pa to la long ah he

he ei koe i ha long ping na ping ah he

he ei ping na ping kei to pung ah he

he ci koe i an ta tan o tan o tan ah he

he ei bo ko na lo ki bu ang ah he

he ei ka i lo ma lo ma li ah he

he ei ka i lo ma le ga le ah he

Ukitayl apa

Pukakidi

↑ Akomiya ta v /v/ ki caha ki allophone ka b /b/.
↑ Paka-vana ta pukakidi ki kakiu (*) ki rara ka asi paka-s'hut-en apa.
↑ Paka-vana ta pukakidi ki kakiu (**) ki rara ka ni-paka-s'hut-en ato tu Sasolat ka maka-Sinckang.

Pakanunamuan

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Tsuchida, Shigeru; Yamada, Yukihiro; Moriguchi, Tsunekazu (1991). Linguistic Materials of the Formosan Sinicized Populations I: Siraya and Basai. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo Department of Linguistics.
↑ Adelaar, Alexander (2011). Siraya. Retrieving the Phonology, Grammar and Lexicon of a Dormant Formosan Language. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.

Solat to panax

Mahanru Taivoan

[2] Akomiya ta v /v/ ki caha ki allophone ka b /b/.

[3] Paka-vana ta pukakidi ki kakiu (*) ki rara ka asi paka-s'hut-en apa.

[5] Paka-vana ta pukakidi ki kakiu (**) ki rara ka ni-paka-s'hut-en ato tu Sasolat ka maka-Sinckang.

[:0-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Tsuchida, Shigeru; Yamada, Yukihiro; Moriguchi, Tsunekazu (1991). Linguistic Materials of the Formosan Sinicized Populations I: Siraya and Basai. Tokyo: The University of Tokyo Department of Linguistics.

[4] Adelaar, Alexander (2011). Siraya. Retrieving the Phonology, Grammar and Lexicon of a Dormant Formosan Language. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.

[1]

[pukakidi 1]

[pukakidi 2]

[2]

[pukakidi 3]