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mango
fruit
Subclass ofdrupe, fruit, tropical fruit Tekre
Coloryellow, green, orange Tekre
Natural product of taxonMangifera indica, tree Tekre
Unicode character🥭 Tekre

Mangre yaa tɩɩg ning sẽn yit weoogẽ wã sẽn boond t'a Mangifera indica. B tẽedame tɩ yaa Burkĩna Faso, Bangladesh, la Ɛndistɛɛr sa-ĩngrẽ wã la a yita.[1] A M. indica wã paama kood Azi soolmẽ wã hal sẽn sɩng ne pĩnd wẽndẽ, tɩ rẽ kɩt tɩ b tõe n yãk mang buud a yiib rũndã-rũndã.[2][3] Bõn-buud a taab sẽn be Mangifera buudẽ wã me wata ne biis sẽn tõe n dɩ, b sẽn boond me tɩ "mango", tɩ wʋsg be Malezi ekosẽ wã.[4]

Dũniyã gill zugu, mangã buud sõor yaa koabga. Sã n yaa ne buud ning sẽn be-a wã, mangã biis yaa toɛy-toɛy ne b woglem, b sẽn yaa toɛy-toɛy toɛy-toɛyã, b sũ-noog toɛy-toɛyã, b kõomã ne b nemdã, la b sẽn yaa toɛy-toɛy toɛy-toɛyã, la b sẽn tõe n yɩ wa sãnem, sãnem, kʋɩl-peelem, bɩ nasaar. [1] Mango yaa Ẽnd, Pakɩstã la Filipini wã buud biis sẽn yaa buud toor-toore, [2] [3] tɩ mango tɩɩgã yaa Bangaladɛs buud biis sẽn yaa buud toor-toore. 7]

Etymology

Angletɛɛr gom-biig ning sẽn yaa mango (b sẽn boond tɩ mangã wã yaa mangã) yita yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 16 soabã pʋgẽ, yaa sen yit Portugaal gomdã, manga, la a me yaa sen yit Malay goama gom-biig ning "mangga," la baasgo yaa Tamil goama gom-biig "Man" ("mangre tɩɩga") + "Kay" ("tɩ biis"). B bãng-kãag yuur ning sẽn boond tɩ Mangifera indica wã yaa b sẽn boond tɩɩgã ning sen wat ne tɩ-biis t b boonda tɩ Mandã tɩɩg sẽn be India soolmẽ wã.

B sẽn wilg tɩ b yaa

Mango tɩɩsã bɩt n ta mɛtɛɛr 30 - 40 (98-131 piit) n ta, la b tar naam sẽn tar pʋga sẽn yaa m- 10-15 (33-49 ft). Rɩk-rãmbã vɩɩ wʋsg tɩ yʋʋm 300 poore, b ket n womda biisi. [1]

Tẽns sẽn yaa kãenkãe wã pʋgẽ, roogã sã n wa lʋɩ n ta zĩ-kãense, a sã n wa kẽedẽ, a sãn ket n kẽedẽ n ta zĩiga, b tara rog-n-tɩr sẽn tar pãng wʋsg n kẽed tẽnga pʋgẽ. [1] Bãagrã yaa sãnem-vɩɩs, b yaa toor-toore, b yaa pɛl-toore; b yaa samd 15-35 (6-14 cm) la b yaa samds 6-16 (2+1⁄2-6+1⁄2 in) sã n yaa yãadmã, b yaa wa lamend-roze, sãn-ka-bãanã toeemda tao-tao n lebg wa wa wĩndg sẽn yaa miuug sẽn yãgdã. La b sã n wa lebg kãnsãnga, b leb n lebga wa b sẽn yaa wa b sẽn pa mi b mensã. [1] Bãada yaa b sẽn naan n naan n naan tɩ b yɩ wa b sẽn naan wa n naan n maan n naan n paam n paam n kõ-b-la b sẽn tõe n paam n deeg b mensã, b sã n yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ "bõn-vɩɩs" wã, b tõe n maana woto, la b yũud-n-taase. Burã buud toor-toor sẽn yɩɩd 500 la b mi, [1] tɩ wʋsg bɩt waoong wakate. La kẽer me kõta kood naoor a yiibu.[5] A sã n wa bɩ, a rɩtame kiis a naas bɩ a nu.

Taxonomy

 
'Carabao', a typical "Southeast Asian type" polyembryonic mango cultivar
 
'Langra', a typical "Indian type" monoembryonic mango cultivar

Mango wã yita tẽn-bil sẽn be Myanmar, Banglade la India.[6][7] B getame tɩ mango wã yaa bũmb sẽn pa le tõe n zĩnd wakat fãa, tɩ yaa bõn-buudã sẽn da tar n sãeegdẽ wã sẽn da yaa bũmb sẽn da be wakat sẽn looge, wala makre, bõn-vɩɩs sẽn yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn tar pãng wʋsgo.[8]

B sẽn wa n beẽ wã, mangã welga n lebg buud a yiib sẽn yaa toor ne taaba: India soolmã sẽn be zĩig ning sẽn yaa subtropikalã, la Azi soolmã sẽn be zĩig ning sẽn yaa tropikalã. B sẽn boond tɩ Ɛnd soolmẽ wã, yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "monoembryonic fruits", tɩ "polyembryonic fruits" yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "south-east Asian group".[9][10]

B ra tẽedame tɩ mango wã sɩngame tɩ b wa rɩt-a Azi soolmẽ wã, tɩ b yaool n wa rɩt-a Azi soolmẽ wã. La yʋʋmd 2019 vaeesg sẽn maan pa yã kaset sẽn wilgd t'a bee Ɛndistɛɛr ye. La a wilgame tɩ yaa Azi soolmã sẽn be goabg la wĩndgã babs buud toor-toorã n yaa toor-toore, n yɩɩd India soolmã babs buud toor-toorã. Woto wilgdame tɩ tõe tɩ yaa Asia soolmã sẽn be goabg la b reng n bʋd manga wã, n yaool n wa tall-a Asia soolmã sẽn be goabg la wĩndgã babs pʋsẽ".

La seb-gʋlsdbã leb n keooga b mens tɩ Asia rɩtg babgã mango buud toor-toorã tõe n yɩɩ bũmb a taab n wa ne rẽ (sẽn na n wa ne buud toor-toore sẽn kẽed ne Mangifera buud a taab sẽn yit Malesian ecoregion wã). Baasg zãnga, b sẽn bãng tɩ zũud a yiib n be wã wilgdame t'a sẽn yɩll n paam n zãad-a wã yaa toog n yɩɩd b sẽn da tagsdã, la a wilgdame t'a ra yaa bõn-naandg sẽn yɩll n zãad-a Asia soolmẽ wã.[11][5]

Kẽer

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa: Mango buud fãa

Mango buud toor-toor kobs n be. B nong n bʋta bõn-buud buud toor-toor sẽn na yɩl tɩ tɩɩgã paam tɩbsg n paase. B sẽn dat tɩ b yãk buud-goam wʋsg to-to wã yaa b sẽn pa tõe n dɩk n dogl ye, la yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b rɩk n dogl n paas tɩ pa rẽ bɩ b pa tõe n dogl sõma ye. B sẽn boond tɩ 'Alphonso' wã yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar yõodo, b sẽn boond tɩ "mango wã rĩma".[12]

Bõn-buud nins sẽn yaa sõma zĩig a ye tõe n pa sõma zĩig a to ye. Wala makre, India buud-goam wala 'Julie' sẽn yaa buud-goam sẽn tar biis wʋsg Jamaica, baoodame tɩ b maan b sẽn tõe n kʋ-b tɩ b põs bãag ning sẽn wat ne zũnzũurã sẽn tar yõor wʋsgã Florida. Asian mangre pa tõe n paam anthracnose ye.[13]

Dũniyã zĩig fãa, yaa 'Tommy Atkins' sẽn yaa 'Haden' sẽn yaa bõn-bɩʋʋng sẽn deng n wom biis yʋʋmd 1940 Florid soolmẽ wã la Florid bãngdbã sẽn da pa rat n tall-a n koosã. Bõn-buudã la tẽn-kɩtbã sẽn be dũniyã gill zugã sakame n na n dɩk-a, bala a yaa bõn-buud sẽn womd biisi, n pa tõe n põs bãase, n pa tõe n kʋ, n pa tõe n zã ye, la a yaa bõn-buud sẽn tar yũ-noog wʋsgo. [14] Baa ne Tommy Atkins buudã sẽn yaa sõma wã, b tõe n yãka buud a taab sẽn na yɩl n dɩ ne sũ-noog wala Alphonso.[15][16]

Naoor wʋsgo, mango wã sã n bɩ, a gãong yaa wa lam-vẽenem bɩ wa bĩis-vẽenem, tɩ b tõe n dɩ-a. Naoor wʋsgo, b wʋkda tɩɩgã biis nins b sẽn yiisd n kẽngd tẽn-zẽmsã, n yaool n ningd-b peelsã tɩ b yaool n pa bɩ ye. Baa ne b sẽn yiisd etilenã b sẽn wat n bɩtẽ wã, mango wã sẽn pa bɩtẽ wã pa tar yũ-noog wala tɩɩs nins sẽn nan pa bɩ wã ye.

Zĩigã la a zĩigã

 
Mango tree in Palestine

Yaa araab la pɛrs koosdb n yi Azi sẽn be tẽn-gãongã pʋgẽ n wa n tall-a n kẽng Afirik sẽn be yaangã. Yaa yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 9 n tãag a 10.[17] A Ibn Battuta sẽn yaa Mogadishu so-toak soab sẽn zĩnd yʋʋm koabg la a naas soabã pʋgẽ wã wilga rẽ. A ra tara paasg n kẽngd zĩis a taab dũniyã gill zugu, koloneem wakatẽ. Portuguese soolmã kɩtame tɩ mango wã yi Goa sẽn da yaa b koloni wã n kẽng Afirik yaang la a rɩtgã. B yii Afirik yaanga, n tall-a n kẽng Brazil yʋʋmd 1500 wã tɛka. Sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋmd 1700 soabã sẽnese, a yii Berzill n kẽng Karayiib soolmẽ wã, la a kẽng Meksik yaanga. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, yʋʋmd 1500 wã tɛka, Spanish soolmã leb n talla mango n yi Filip n kẽng Meksik rɩtgã, n dɩk Manila galɛyõ wã n kẽng be. Yaa yʋʋmd 1833 la b wa ne mango wã Florid tẽnga.[18][19]

Koodã

Rũndã-rũndã, b kood-a-la zĩig ning fãa sẽn pa be sa-kɛgengã, sẽn yaa zĩig sẽn yaa tʋʋl-nif la tʋʋl-nif sẽn yaa tʋʋl-nif la tʋʋl-nif n yɩɩd zĩigã. B kood-a-la wʋsg Azi soolmẽ wã, Asia soolmẽ wã, Afirica yaanga la a yaanga, America soolmẽ wã, la Carribean soolmẽ wã.[20] B leb n kood-a-la Andalusia, Spain (sẽn yɩɩd fãa Malaga province wã), bala a kʋɩl-koɛɛnga sẽn yaa subtropiik zĩigã yaa zĩis a wãn sẽn be Europe tẽn-kãsengẽ wã sẽn kɩtd tɩ tɩɩs la tɩɩs nins sẽn womd biisi bɩt sõma. Canaries tẽn-kɩremsã me yaa tẽn-kãsems a taab sẽn be Spain n yiisd bõn-bɩʋʋngã. Neb a taab me n be be n maand bĩis-kãsems sẽn pa waoog sẽn na n yɩlẽ n paam bĩis-kãsems n paas bĩis-kãsems sẽn pa waooge. Bĩis-kãsems a taab n be America (Florida soolmẽ wã, la California Coachella Valley), Hawai'i, la Australia.

Yaa gomera-1 mangã buud sẽn yit Kiba wã la b rɩkd n ningd tɩ b tõe n dɩk n koos tɩ b wa rɩke. A yẽbgrã zemsa ne mogrã sẽn be Mediterane wã.[21] B tõe n paama mango buud sẽn yɩɩd 1000 wã tɩ yɩ nana ne-ba, n sɩng ne "turpentine mango" (sẽn paam a yʋʋre, a sẽn tar turpentine yũ-noogo) n tɩ ta Bullock's Heart (sẽn tar tar tarpentine yũ-noogo). B geta bõn-vɩɩs nins sẽn yaa zũud la sẽn yaa zũud-zũudã wa bõn-vɩɩs b sẽn tõe n tall n maan yãnde, la b tõe n bʋd-b-la ko-vɩɩs pʋsẽ. Bãng-y tɩ bãas buud toor-toor n tõe n paam mango. [ citation needed ]

B sẽn tõog n maan bũmb wʋsg mangre wã wɛɛngẽ wã yaa tɩ b tũnug ne potassium nitrate la ethrel n kɩt tɩ mango wã pukd. A Ramon Barba sẽn yaa Philippines zẽed-dãmb bãngd n wa ne bõn-kãng yʋʋmd 1974 wã, la a sẽn wa ne bõn-kãng to-to wã yaa ne logtor sẽn tũnugd ne bug-zõos n kɩtd tɩ mango wã puk Filipẽ wã. A kɩtame tɩ mango tɩɩsã paam tɩɩs sẽn tõe n womd biisi, la b womd biisi, yʋʋmd fãa. Pĩndã, mango wã ra yaa bõn-bɩʋʋng bala, bala a ra pukda kiuug a 16 bɩ a 18 fãa bala. Masã, b tũnugda ne manesem kãngã tẽns wʋsg sẽn yaa mang-tʋʋmdbã pʋsẽ.[22][23]

Tʋʋmdã

Yʋʋmd 2022 soabã pʋgẽ, b sẽn yiisd mangã dũniyã gill zugã (bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ b sõdga mangosteens la guavas) yɩɩ ton milyõ 59, tɩ India taoor soab yaa ne 44%.

B sẽn tũnugd ne to-to

Rɩk-m-mengã

Mango wã yaa bõn-sõngo, baa ne a nemd la a nemdã sẽn yaa to-to wã sẽn yaa to-to buud toor-toorã sʋka. Kẽer wala Alphonso, yaa sẽn tar nemd sẽn yaa maasga, sẽn tar zũud sẽn wõnd plom sẽn bɩ wʋsg, tɩ sãnda wala Tommy Atkins, yaa sẽn tar nemd sẽn yaa kãn-kãe, n tar zũud sẽn yaa peelem.[24]

B tõe n wãa mang sẽn nan pa bɩ, sẽn nan pa rɩ, bɩ sẽn nan yɩll n dɩ, la a tõe n waa ne yĩn-wɩsgr sẽn kẽed ne zũudã, zũudã, bɩ zũudã neb nins sẽn tõe n paam-a wã.[25]

B tũnugda ne mango wã n segend rɩɩb wʋsgo. B rɩkda mango sẽn pa bɩ wã n maand chutneys (sẽn dat n yeel tɩ mango chutney), pikles, daals la rɩɩb a taab sẽn naag taab India rɩɩbã pʋgẽ. B maanda bõn-yũudl b sẽn boond tɩ aam panna ne mango. B tõe n dɩka mangre sẽn lebg zɛlle, wall b ning-a ne gram dhal sẽn yaa miuugã, la ne chilies sẽn yaa vãad tɩ b naag ne zom-peelse. B rɩt-a-la Azi soolmẽ wã fãa, n dɩkd mango bɩ a kʋɩl-kʋɩl n naag ne bĩisim la sukri. B leb n tũnugda ne mango sẽn bɩ n maand curry. Aamras yaa rã-miis sẽn tar yũ-noogo, b sẽn maand ne mango, n ningd-a suukre bɩ b ningd-a bĩisim la b yũud-a ne chapatis bɩ pooris. B leb n tũnugda ne mangã sẽn bɩ wã n na n maan marmelad sẽn boond tɩ mangada. Andhra aavakaaya yaa koom-koom b sẽn maan ne mango sẽn pa bɩ, sẽn tar zũnd-zãnd la sẽn tar yũ-noog n naag ne chili, fenugreek, moustard, yamsem la tẽn-gãongã kaam. B leb n tũnugda ne mango n na n maan dahl la chunda (sẽn yaa bõn-nood sẽn tar yũ-noog la sẽn tar yũ-nood wʋsgo, sẽn tar yũ-nood wʋsg ne mango). Indonesi wã, b rɩta mang sẽn nan pa bɩ wã n maan asinan, rujak la sambal pencit/mangga muda,[26] bɩ b rɩt-a ne yamsem sẽn tõe n dɩ.[27]

B tũnugda ne mango wã n maand murabba (bi-pɛɛlg sẽn tar biisi), muramba (bi-pɛɛlg sẽn tar yũ-noog la sẽn tar yũ-noogo), amchur (bi-pɛɛlg sẽn pa bɩ, sẽn kʋɩ la b ning-a tɩ lebg pulã), la pikil-dãmb sẽn naag ne pikil-dãmb la rã-yũuri. B kẽesa mango wã sẽn bɩ wã zĩis a wãn-wãna, n kʋɩlg-ba, n gãneg-ba, la b yaool n kẽeg-ba. B leb n paasda bõn-buud nins b sẽn maand ne bõn-buud wala muesli la oat granola wã.

B tũnugda ne mango n na n maan zom-yoodã, koom-yoodã, rũm-noodã, tɩɩs nins sẽn tar biisi, raspados, aguas frescasã, piisã, la tɩ-miirã, wall b naag-a ne chamoy sẽn yaa tɩ-miir la tɩ-miirã. America sentraalẽ wã, b rɩta mangã sẽn nan pa kʋɩ wã, n dɩk yamsem, vinɛg, tɩbsg sẽn yaa kẽega, la tɩbsg sẽn tar yõodo, bɩ b rɩt-a t'a bɩ n yaool n bɩ.

B tõe n dɩka mango wã n pil-a n ning koom-koomã zugu, wall b naag-a ne bĩisim la ne koom-koomã n maan bĩisim. B rɩta rũm-nood sẽn tar yũ-noogo, n yaool n naag-a ne mango sẽn kẽeg tɩ lebg rũm-nood sẽn tar yũ-noogo. Azi soolmã babs a taab pʋsẽ, b rɩta mangã ne zĩm koom la ne rã-bɩllã. B tõe n dɩka mangor sẽn yaa goabgã n maan mangor salad ne zĩm koom la gãmbr sẽn kʋɩ. B tõe n dɩka mango ne bĩisim sẽn yaa rãam n ning koomã sẽn be koomã pʋgẽ wã zugu.

B tõe n kẽesa mango wã n dɩ wa saladã. [28] Asia Sidʋr-sɩdga babs wʋsg pʋsẽ, b nong n dɩt-b-la ne zĩm koom koom, vinɛgr, soy koom, bɩ ne yamsem (sẽn yaa nana bɩ sẽn tar yũ-noogo) -  lagem-n-taar b sẽn nong n boond tɩ "mango salad" ne English.[29]

 
Major flavor chemicals of 'Alphonso' mango from India

Philippines wã, b rɩta mangom ne bagoong (piis sẽn tar kʋɩl-koom bɩ b sẽn ning-a zĩm-gãmbr pʋgẽ), kʋɩl-koom, soya-koom, vinɛgɛɛr bɩ chili.[30][31] Mango float la mango cake, b rɩt-b-la ne mango sẽn bɩ, Phillipines.[32][33] B rɩta manga sẽn yaa no-rɩk la sẽn bɩ (wakat kẽere b lagemda ne tamarind sẽn pa tar bõn-buud n na n maan mangorind) me. B tõe n dɩka mango n maan yũ-noogo, a yũ-noogo, n paas n paas-a tɩ b ning-a zʋʋg-zʋʋgẽ wã.

Phytochemistry

Bãng-bãmb wʋsg n be mangã kõbẽ la a zũudẽ, wala makre, triterpene lupeol.[34] Mangre gãndg pigɩntã sẽn be vaeesg pʋgẽ wã yaa karotenoid dãmba, wala provitamin A, beta-karotẽ, luteẽ la alpha-carotene,[35][36] la polyphenol dãmba, wala quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechins la tannins.[37][38] Mangre wã tara xanthonoid sẽn boond tɩ mangiferin.[39]

Phytochemical la nutrient sẽn be a pʋgẽ wã wõnda yaa toor-toore ne mango buud toor-toore.[40] Sẽn ta carotenoid 25 la b yiis mangre zuloeesẽ wã, tɩ sẽn yaa-a n ta-a wã yaa beta-carotene, sẽn kɩtd tɩ mangã buud wʋsg tar zũud-rɩt-rɩt kõbdo. [ Mangre vãad me tara polyphenol wʋsg sẽn kẽed ne xanthonoids, mangiferin la gallic acid.[41]

Bõn-yũudã

Bõn-buud wʋsg sẽn yaa tɩrg n tõe n wa ne yõodo, n kɩt tɩ b tar yũ-noogo. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b bee terpen, furanoon, lakton la ester sullẽ wã. Mango buud toor-toor tõe n tara yũud sẽn yaa toor-toore, bɩ sẽn yaa toor-toore.[42] Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, New World mango buud-goamã tara sẽn yɩɩd fãa δ-3-carene, sẽn yaa monoterpene tɩɩm; tɩ monoterpene a taab wala (Z) -ocimene la myrcene, n paas lactones la furanones sẽn be be wã yaa Old World buud-goamã bõn-kãsenga.[43][44] India tẽnga, 'Alphonso' yaa buud a ye sẽn tar pãng n yɩɩda. 'Alphonso' mango wã pʋgẽ, b sẽn boond tɩ lactones la furanones wã yaa b sẽn maand-b tɩ b bɩtẽ wã, tɩ terpenesã la tɩ-yood a taabã be bi-sõma wã sẽn wat n bɩtẽ wã la b sẽn wat n bɩtã pʋgẽ.[45][46] Ethylene, sẽn yaa hormone sẽn kẽed ne bɩʋʋngã, b sẽn mi sõma t'a kẽed ne mango biis bɩʋʋngã, kɩtdame tɩ mango biis yũ-noog me toeem b sã n wa rɩk-a zĩig a to.[47] Sẽn yaa lebend ne kibay wʋsg sẽn be mangã yũ-noogo, b pa maan vaeesg sẽn kẽed ne b sẽn maand bũmb ningã ye. Yaa zẽn dãmb sẽn kẽed ne b sẽn maand bũmb ningã bal la b bãng hal tɩ ta rũnna.[48][49][50][51]

Toxicity

Ned sã n paam tɩ b ning-a kaam sẽn be mango vãadã, a tɩɩsã wilã, a koomã la a gãongã pʋgẽ, tõe n waa ne yĩn-gãong bãag la anafilaksis nin-kãensã pʋsẽ.[52][53][54] Neb nins sẽn tar tɩbsg tɩbsg tɩbsg sẽn yit urushiol pʋgẽ (sẽn yaa tɩbsg sẽn yit zẽ-vɩɩm, zẽ-vɩɩm, bɩ zẽ-vɩɩm) tõe n paama tɩbsg tɩbsg sẽn yit mango pʋgẽ n yɩɩda.[55] Mango rãmb a taab sẽn tõe n wa ne yĩn-gãong bãag bɩ yĩn-wɩsg bãaga yaa mangiferin.[56] B tõe n maana b sẽn tõe n dɩk mango la urushiol n kõ-b tɩ b yũ.[57] Neb nins sẽn tar bã-kãnga tõeeme n pa tõe n wãb mang sẽn kʋɩ wã wall b yũ mangã koom ne bãan ye.[58]

Sã n yaa tɩʋʋngã sasa, nin-buiid nins sẽn tar yĩns tɩɩm tõe n paama sɩɩs toog, ninã yãbgo, bɩ nengã fõogre, baa sẽn nan pa yɩll tɩ tɩɩgã zẽ-vãadã kẽ pemsmẽ wã ye.[59] Sã n yaa woto, bũmb ning sẽn tõe n wa ne sũ-sãamsã yaa kaam ning b sẽn dɩkd n yiisd ne tɩɩsã.[60] Na-kẽengã sã n wa bɩtẽ, a sã n kẽed ne a tɩɩgã babse, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, yaa ne a rãamã, a vãadã, la a biisã gãongo.[61] Yaa bũmb ning sẽn wat ne tɩɩgã yĩn-wɩsg Hawaii wã.[62]

Rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma

Mango sẽn nan pa rɩ wã yaa ko-yũud 84%, karbohydrate 15%, poroteẽ 1%, la rasãnd sẽn pa waoog (table). Burkĩnd mangã 100g (3.5oz) pʋgẽ, a pãng yaa 250 kJ (60 calories). Mango sẽn nan yɩll pa tar vitamine C la folat bal sẽn yaa wʋsg daar fãa sẽn zemsã pʋgẽ, sẽn yaa 44% la 11% (table).

Kẽer

 
An image of Ambika under a mango tree in Cave 34 of the Ellora Caves

Mangre yaa India tẽnga biisi.[63][64] Yaa Bangaladɛs tẽnga tɩɩg me.[65][66] India soolmẽ wã, b tigsdame la b koosd mango wã tʋʋl-nif la tʋʋl-nif kiuug sʋka, la yaa kibayã n yiisd yʋʋmd fãa.[67]

Mangre wã tara zĩig sẽn yaa to-to Azi soolmã goabg babgã pʋgẽ. A noorã pʋgẽ, Mauryan naab a Ashoka goma tɩɩs sẽn womd biisi la sẽn kõt lik sẽn be naam soayã noore:

"Mam kɩtame tɩ b sel bãn-yɩɩs soayã zut tɩ b tõe n kõ rũmsã la nebã maasgo, la mam kɩtame me tɩ b sel mang tɩɩse".

A Amir Khusrow sẽn yaa Ind-Perse wã yɩɩl-gʋlsd sẽn zĩnd yʋʋm kob-gĩndẽ wã yeelame tɩ mango yaa "Naghza Tarin Mewa Hindustan"  ⁇  "Hindustan biis nins sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩdã". B ra rɩta mango Delhi naabã a Alauddin Khijli zakẽ wã. Mughal soolmã ra nong-a-la wʋsgo. A Babur pẽga mango wã a Babarname wã pʋgẽ. A Sher Shah Suri sẽn tõog Mughal naab a Humayun wã poore, a sɩngame n na n naan Chaunsa buudã. Mughal nebã sẽn da get tɩɩs la tɩɩs tɩɩs yell wʋsgã kɩtame tɩ b tõog n paam mango buud toor-toore, tɩ Totapuri wã sẽn yaa pipi buud b sẽn tall n kẽng Irã la Azi sentraallã be sʋka.

B yeelame t'a Akbar (1556 - 1605) n sel mango tɩɩs 100 000 Darbhanga sẽn pẽ Bihar, tɩ a Jahangir la a Shah Jahan kõ noor tɩ b sel mango tɩɩs Lahore la Delhi la b maan mango sẽn yaa rɩ-noodo.[68]

Jain wẽn-poak a Ambika yaa wa a sẽn zĩ mango tɩɩg tẽngre.[69] B leb n tũnugda ne mangã tɩbsg n waoogd wẽn-poak a Saraswati. Mango vãadã manegda Ẽnd nebã rotã la b zag-noeyã, kãadem la kibs-kãsems sasa, wala a Ganesh Chaturthi. B rɩkda mango la paisley-rãmb buud toor-toore n maand b sẽn na yɩl n maan b sẽn dat n maan ne nin-buiid buud toor-toore. B tõe n yã-b-la Kashmiri wã, Kanchipuram wã, la tãnd sare wã pʋsẽ. Tamil Nadu, b boond-a lame tɩ naam biis a tãabo, ne banana la jakɩ wã, a tɩɩm la a yũ-noog yĩnga.[70] B boonda biis a tãab-n-soabã tɩ ma-pala-vazhai. Sanskrit kʋdemdã yɩɩl-gʋlsd a Kalidasa yɩɩla mango wã pẽgre.[71]

Mangã ra yaa mangã tũudum sẽn da be Siin tẽnga pʋgẽ, ne a Mao Zedong sẽn da yaa tẽnga taoor soab sẽn nong nin-buiidã yĩnga.[72]

Ges-y me

  • Achaar, Asɩd-rɩtg sẽn be koomã pʋgẽ, sẽn nong n tar mango la lim
  • Amchoor, mango yaa tã-soabdo
  • Mangifera caesia, sẽn yaa buud sẽn zems ne-a, b leb n kood-a-la wʋsg sẽn na yɩl n paam a biisã Azi soolmã goabg-rɩtgã
  • Mangre mealybug
  • Mangai-oorkai (manga-achar), Ẽnd goabg goabg mango
  • Aam papad - yaa Ẽnd tɩɩg b sẽn maan ne mango b sẽn dɩk n naag ne ko-yũud sẽn tar pãng la b kʋɩlg wĩntoogã pʋgẽ.

Sebtiisi

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5397511
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15731
  4. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4647706
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15731
  6. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28473837
  7. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15731
  8. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32191870
  9. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28473837
  10. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15731
  11. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28473837
  12. ↑ http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/travel/10mumbailetter.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0
  13. ↑ https://sfyl.ifas.ufl.edu/media/sfylifasufledu/miami-dade/documents/insect-pests-amp-diseases/Mango-Disease-Cntrl-HomeownersF.S..pdf
  14. ↑ https://www.thestar.com/life/2008/05/24/sweet_news_ataulfos_are_in_season.html
  15. ↑ http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/travel/10mumbailetter.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0
  16. ↑ https://www.thestar.com/life/2008/05/24/sweet_news_ataulfos_are_in_season.html
  17. ↑ https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope00ensm/page/651
  18. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.15731
  19. ↑ http://www.plantsciences.ucdavis.edu/gepts/pb143/crop/mango/mango.htm
  20. ↑ http://www.fao.org/3/ca5692en/ca5692en.pdf
  21. ↑ http://www.actahort.org/members/showpdf?booknrarnr=820_2
  22. ↑ https://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=2516
  23. ↑ https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/16493
  24. ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/06/dining/06appe.html
  25. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22053296
  26. ↑ https://www.liputan6.com/lifestyle/read/5307201/8-resep-olahan-mangga-muda-menyegarkan-dari-manisan-sampai-sambal?page=9
  27. ↑ https://m.jpnn.com/news/7-khasiat-tidak-terduga-rutin-mengonsumsi-mangga-muda-campur-garam
  28. ↑ https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203364
  29. ↑ https://www.diariesofmagazine.com/fruits-southeast-asia/
  30. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210509050349/https://thevascollections.co/2020/02/25/green-mangoes-and-shrimp-paste-the-most-salivating-food-tandem/
  31. ↑ http://www.marketmanila.com/archives/green-mango-bagoong
  32. ↑ https://www.wheninmanila.com/top-12-cakes-to-try-in-the-philippines/6/
  33. ↑ https://www.thelittleepicurean.com/2015/06/mango-royale-icebox-cake.html
  34. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18359153
  35. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15740041
  36. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17637601
  37. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf060566s
  38. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14985189
  39. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.abb.2005.05.015
  40. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27051096
  41. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf800738r
  42. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2008.09.107
  43. ↑ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308814608011849/
  44. ↑ http://studiumpress.in/indetail.asp?id=195
  45. ↑ https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JSFA...89.2071P
  46. ↑ https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodchem.2011.06.053
  47. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23122101
  48. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20363641
  49. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20598721
  50. ↑ https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46320747
  51. ↑ http://www.springerplus.com/content/2/1/494
  52. ↑ https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html
  53. ↑ https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2233-8276
  54. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3147776
  55. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15701120
  56. ↑ https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html
  57. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15606656
  58. ↑ https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html
  59. ↑ https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html
  60. ↑ https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html
  61. ↑ https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mango_ars.html
  62. ↑ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11381849
  63. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20100820044013/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/national_fruit.php
  64. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20200420013005/https://archive.india.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=13
  65. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20101223112811/http://www.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=179003&cid=2
  66. ↑ http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2010/11/15/mango-tree-national-tree
  67. ↑ http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/05/10/travel/10mumbailetter.html?pagewanted=1&_r=0
  68. ↑ https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/peeling-the-emperor-of-fruits/cid/1315532
  69. ↑ https://www.exoticindia.com/book/details/ambika-in-jaina-art-and-literature-IDH453/
  70. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=PXXsAAAAIAAJ
  71. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130316215241/http://in.lifestyle.yahoo.com/his-highness--mango-maharaja--an-endless-obsession.html
  72. ↑ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/9914895/How-China-came-to-worship-the-mango-during-the-Cultural-Revolution.html

Sẽn paase

  • Ensminger, Audrey H.; et al. (1995). The Concise Encyclopedia of Foods & Nutrition (Rɩɩb la rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma wã sebr) CRC Press. p. 651. ISBN 978-0-8493-4455-8.
  • Litz, Richard E. (soab, 2009). Mangre wã: Botanikã, b sẽn maand-a to-to wã la b sẽn tũnugd ne-a to-to wã. CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-489-7. A sẽn da yaa ninsabls tẽnsa taoor soaba.
  • Susser, Allen (2001). The Great Mango Book: A Guide with Recipes. B sẽn na n maan to-to. ISBN 978-1-58008-204-4. B sẽn boond tɩ "dũudã"

Zems-n-taase

  • Mangifera buud toor-toorã welgre
  • Pine Island yãadmẽ wã, b sẽn boond tɩ "Mango Variety viewer"
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