Wp/cpx/Martin Karplus

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Martin Karplus2013 néng ē Nobel Hua̍-ha̍h Ciô̤ng deh-cṳ̂.[1]

Martin Karplus

Chang-kô̤ meóng-he̤̍ng

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  Nobel Hua̍-ha̍h Ciô̤ng deh-cṳ̂  
1901 Jacobus van 't Hoff1902 Emil Fischer1903 Svante Arrhenius1904 William Ramsay1905 Adolf von Baeyer1906 Henri Moissan1907 Eduard Buchner1908 Ernest Rutherford1909 Wilhelm Ostwald1910 Otto Wallach1911 Marie Curie1912 Victor Grignard / Paul Sabatier1913 Alfred Werner1914 Theodore Richards1915 Richard Willstätter191619171918 Fritz Haber19191920 Walther Nernst1921 Frederick Soddy1922 Francis Aston1923 Fritz Pregl19241925 Richard Zsigmondy1926 Theodor Svedberg1927 Heinrich Wieland1928 Adolf Windaus1929 Arthur Harden / Hans von Euler-Chelpin1930 Hans Fischer1931 Carl Bosch / Friedrich Bergius1932 Irving Langmuir19331934 Harold Urey1935 Frédéric Joliot-Curie / Irène Joliot-Curie1936 Peter Debye1937 Norman Haworth / Paul Karrer1938 Richard Kuhn1939 Adolf Butenandt / Leopold Ružička1940194119421943 George de Hevesy1944 Otto Hahn1945 Artturi Virtanen1946 James B. Sumner / John Northrop / Wendell Meredith Stanley1947 Robert Robinson1948 Arne Tiselius1949 William Giauque1950 Otto Diels / Kurt Alder1951 Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg1952 Archer Martin / Richard Synge1953 Hermann Staudinger1954 Linus Pauling1955 Vincent du Vigneaud1956 Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov1957 Alexander Todd1958 Frederick Sanger1959 Jaroslav Heyrovský1960 Willard Libby1961 Melvin Calvin1962 Max Perutz / John Kendrew1963 Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta1964 Dorothy Hodgkin1965 Robert Woodward1966 Robert S. Mulliken1967 Manfred Eigen / Ronald Norrish / George Porter1968 Lars Onsager1969 Derek Barton / Odd Hassel1970 Luis Federico Leloir1971 Gerhard Herzberg1972 Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein1973 Ernst Otto Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson1974 Paul Flory1976 William Lipscomb1977 Ilya Prigogine1978 Peter D. Mitchell1979 Herbert C. Brown / Georg Wittig1980 Paul Berg / Walter Gilbert / Frederick Sanger1981 Fukui Kenichi / Roald Hoffmann1982 Aaron Klug1983 Henry Taube1984 Robert Merrifield1985 Herbert A. Hauptman / Jerome Karle1986 Dudley R. Herschbach / Lî Ê̤ng-deh / John Polanyi1987 Donald J. Cram / Jean-Marie Lehn / Charles J. Pedersen1988 Johann Deisenhofer / Robert Huber / Hartmut Michel1989 Sidney Altman / Thomas Cech1990 Elias Corey1991 Richard R. Ernst1992 Rudolph A. Marcus1993 Kary Mullis / Michael Smith1994 George Olah1995 Paul J. Crutzen / Mario J. Molina / Frank Rowland1996 Robert Curl / Harold Kroto / Richard Smalley1997 Paul D. Boyer / John E. Walker / Jens Christian Skou1998 Walter Kohn / John Pople1999 Ahmed Zewail2000 Alan J. Heeger / Alan MacDiarmid / Shirakawa Hideki2001 William Knowles / Noyori Ryōji / K. Barry Sharpless2002 John B. Fenn / Tanaka Koichi / Kurt Wüthrich2003 Peter Agre / Roderick MacKinnon2004 Aaron Ciechanover / Avram Hershko / Irwin Rose2005 Robert H. Grubbs / Richard R. Schrock / Yves Chauvin2006 Roger D. Kornberg2007 Gerhard Ertl2008 Shimomura Osamu / Martin Chalfie / Cíng Ṳ̂ng-giō̤ⁿ2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan / Thomas A. Steitz / Ada E. Yonath2010 Richard F. Heck / Suzuki Akira / Negishi Ei-ichi2011 Dan Shechtman2012 Robert Lefkowitz / Brian Kobilka2013 Martin Karplus / Michael Levitt / Arieh Warshel2014 Eric Betzig / Stefan Hell / William E. Moerner2015 Tomas Lindahl / Paul L. Modrich / Aziz Sancar2016 Jean-Pierre Sauvage / Fraser Stoddart / Ben Feringa