ꠀꠞ꠆ꠛꠤ ꠝꠣꠔ (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ / عَرَبِيّ) ꠅꠁꠟ ꠄꠈꠎꠣꠔꠞ ꠍꠦꠝꠤꠐꠤꠇ ꠝꠣꠔ ꠨ ꠎꠦꠈꠐꠣ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠝꠣꠔꠣ ꠅꠁꠍꠦ ꠚꠄꠟꠣ ꠡꠔꠇ ꠕꠣꠇꠤ 
ꠘꠝ꠆ꠛꠞ ꠡꠔꠇ ꠁꠡꠣꠁꠔ ⁕
ꠛꠄꠀꠘ edit
ꠀꠉꠞꠀꠝꠟꠤ ꠀꠞ꠆ꠛꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠁꠍ꠆ꠟꠣꠝꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠞ ꠀꠉꠞꠀꠝꠟꠤ ꠜꠣꠡꠣꠔ ꠡꠣꠗꠣꠞꠘ ꠀꠞ ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝꠤꠅ ꠨ ꠀꠗ꠆ꠗꠣꠔꠤ ꠀꠞ ꠅꠘꠦꠇꠥꠞ ꠨ ꠀꠘꠣꠗꠞ꠆ꠝꠦ ꠀꠞ ꠗꠞ꠆ꠝꠦ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠣꠁꠘ꠆ꠔꠞ ꠇꠥꠘꠥ ꠢꠦꠡ ꠘꠣꠁ ꠨ ꠇꠣꠞꠘ ꠁ ꠎꠥꠠꠣ ꠡꠛ꠆ꠖꠣꠁꠘ ꠄꠉꠥ ꠁꠍꠣꠁ ꠖꠥꠘꠍ꠆ꠟꠣ ꠙꠇꠣꠡ ꠇꠞꠦ ꠎꠦꠔꠣ ꠁꠍ꠆ꠟꠣꠝꠞ ꠖꠥꠘꠤꠀꠁꠔ ꠁꠟꠣꠘ ꠇꠥꠘ꠆ꠔꠣ ꠘꠣꠁ ⁕
- Bernard Lewis, "The Return of Islam" (
), Commentary
- Bernard Lewis, "The Return of Islam" (
Medieval Islam was technologically advanced and open to innovation. It achieved far higher literacy rates than in contemporary Europe; it assimilated the legacy of classical Greek civilization to such a degree that many classical books are now known to us only through Arabic copies. It invented windmills, trigonometry, lateen sails and made major advances in metallurgy, mechanical and chemical engineering and irrigation methods. In the middle-ages, the flow of technology was overwhelmingly from Islam to Europe rather from Europe to Islam. Only after the 1500s did the net direction of flow begin to reverse.
- Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel p. 253.
