Wp/zgh/ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ

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ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ 6% ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ, ⵢⴰⵎⵥ 20% ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ). ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵉⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ 30 415 873 ⴽⵎ² ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⵎⴽ ⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ). ⵙ 1,225,080,510[1] ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 16,4% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016. ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵡⵉⵙⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.

ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ
ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ 30,370,000 ⴽⵎ²
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ 1,225,080,510[1] ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. (2016)
ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴼ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵏ
ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ 36.4/ⴽⵎ²
ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ 54

ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵖⵓⵕⵜEdit

ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰⵢⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⵉ ⵉ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵍ, ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ).[2][3] ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵜ Afar (ⴰⴼⴰⵔ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵏⴰⵎⴽⵏ "ⴰⴳⴹⵕⵓⵕ"[4] ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 1981 ⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ[5] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ (ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ : ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ) ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ.[6] ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ[6] ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⴱⴰⵏⵓ ⵢⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴼⵔⴰⵏ (ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ) ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ.[7]

ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ , ⵜⴳⴰ ⵇⴰⵕⵟⴰⵊ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵕⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵕⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵕⵟⴰⵊⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⴳ 146 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.[8] ⴰⵎⵎⴰ -ⴽⴰ (-ca) ⵏⵖ -ⵉⴽⴰ (-ica), ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴼⵉⵕ ⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ (Latin suffix) ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.

ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ
  • ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵓⵏⵎⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ ⴼⵍⴰⴼⵢⵓⵙ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼⵓⵙ (Ant. 1.15) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵔ (Epher), ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ.
  • ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⵣⵉⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴱⵉⵍⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵕⴰⵏ (Etymologiae XIV.5.2) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ (ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ / Aprica), ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⴽ (ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ).
  • ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⴼⵔⵓⵢⵜ 1976[9] ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ africus (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵓⵙ) "ⴰⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Umbrian), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴹⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵕ (rainy wind).

ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢEdit

ⴰⵣⵎⵣ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵕⵓ ⴰⵇⴱⵓⵔEdit

  ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !

ⴰⵣⵔⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢEdit

  ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !

ⵜⵉⵖⵔⵎⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰEdit

  ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !

ⵙⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⵥⴰⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵜⴰⵎ ⴷ ⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜEdit

  ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !

ⵜⴰⵙⴱⴱⴰⴱⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵎⴳⴰⵏEdit

  ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !

ⴰⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉEdit

  ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !

ⴹⴰⵕⵜ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉEdit

  ⵜⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵜⵅⵡⴰ, ⵓⵔ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⵓⵎⵢⴰ, ⴰⵡⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎⵜ ⴰⴷ !

ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜEdit

 
ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵜⵉⵍⵉⵜ

ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⴱⵓⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵜⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵡⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 163 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ.[10] (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵉⵚⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵙⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ)[11] ⵜⵜⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 26.000 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ.

ⵙⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⵏ ⵙⴰⵇⵇⴰⵜⵓⵏⵙ (37°21' ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⴽⵉⴱ ⴰⴳⵓⵍⵀⴰⵙⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ (34°51'15 ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ), ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 8,000 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ (5,000 ⵎⵉⵍ);[12] ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ (34°51'15" ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⵔⴰⵙ ⵀⴰⴼⵓⵏⵚⵓⵎⴰⵍ (51°27'52" ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ), ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 7,400 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ (4,600 ⵎⵉⵍ).[13]

ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵉⴷⴷⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 2,381,741 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵜⴹⴼⵕ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ 1,865,813 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵉⵛⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ.[14] ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ.

ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰEdit

 
  CEN-SAD
  COMESA
  EAC
  ECCAS
  ECOWAS
  IGAD
  SADC
  UMA

ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ, ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ (ⵍⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵔⵢⴰⵙⵉⴷⴰ), ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ[15].ⵜⵉⵡⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2003 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ 151 ⴷ 175 ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ.[16]

ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏEdit

ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⴳ ⵙⵙⴽⵏⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ (ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ).[17] ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⴼⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ, ⵉⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵉⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ :

  • ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Afroasiatic) ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ 240 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ 285 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⴽ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇ, ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⵙⵙⵉⵃⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ.
  • ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Nilo-Saharan) ⵜⵓⵎⴰ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ 30 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵛⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵓⴱⵢⴰ, ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ, ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵓⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ.
  • ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Niger-Congo) ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ (Sub-Saharan Africa). ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
  • ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Khoisan) ⴷⵉⴳⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢⵏ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ 400.000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ.[18] ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴼⵓⴹ.

ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ, ⵙⵙⵏⵚⴱⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴼⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: Swahili, Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa). ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵚ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⵉⵚⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵉ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⵣ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰ.

ⴰⵙⴳⴷEdit

ⴼⵍⵙⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ,[19] ⵎⴰⵛ ⵉⵎⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵟⵟⵏ ⵉ ⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ.[20] ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵏⵢⴰⴷⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⵉⴹⴼⵕ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ 45% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ, ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵏ 40% ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ 15% ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏⵉⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵕⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⴼⵔⵉⵇⵏ, ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵀⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ.

ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜEdit

 
ⴷⴰⴽⴰⵔ, ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ
 
ⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⴱⵉ, ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ
 
ⵊⵓⵀⴰⵏⵙⴱⵓⵔⴳ, ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ
 
ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍⵜ, ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
 
ⵜⴰⵇⴰⵀⵉⵔⵜ, ⵎⵉⵚⵔⴰ
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ
ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ
ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵟⴰⵔⴰⴱⵍⵓⵙ
ⵎⵉⵚⵕⴰ ⵜⴰⵇⴰⵀⵉⵔⵜ
ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵜⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⵏⵡⴰⴽⵛⵓⵟ
ⴰⵏⴳⵓⵍⴰ ⵍⵓⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ
ⴱⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⴱⵓⵔⵜⵓ ⵏⵓⴼⵓ
ⴱⵓⵜⵙⵡⴰⵏⴰ ⴳⴰⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏ
ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓ ⵡⴰⴳⴰⴷⵓⴳⵓ
ⴱⵓⵔⵓⵏⴷⵉ ⴱⵓⵊⵓⵎⴱⵓⵔⴰ
ⴽⴰⵎⵉⵔⵓⵏ ⵢⴰⵡⵓⵏⴷⵉ
ⵉⵅⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ ⴱⵔⴰⵢⴰ
ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵜ ⴱⴰⵏⴳⵉ
ⵜⵛⴰⴷ ⵏⵊⴰⵎⵉⵏⴰ
ⵜⵉⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⵢⵓⵔ ⵎⵓⵔⵓⵏⵉ
ⴰⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵡⵓⵥⵔ ⵢⴰⵎⵓⵙⵓⴽⵔⵓ
ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⴽⵉⵏⵛⴰⵙⴰ
ⵊⵉⴱⵓⵜⵉ ⵊⵉⴱⵓⵜⵉ
ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⴳⴷⵓⵜ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⴱⵓ
ⵉⵔⵉⵜⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵔⴰ
ⵉⵜⵢⵓⴱⵢⴰ ⴰⴷⴷⵉⵙ ⴰⴱⴰⴱⴰ
ⴳⴰⴱⵓⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵔⵓⴼⵉⵍ
ⴳⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⴱⴰⵏⵊⵓⵍ
ⴳⴰⵏⴰ ⴰⴽⵔⴰ
ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵡ ⴱⵉⵙⴰⵡ
ⴳⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⴽⵓⵏⴰⴽⵔⵉ
ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ ⵏⴰⵢⵔⵓⴱⵉ
ⵍⵉⵙⵓⵟⵓ ⵎⴰⵙⵉⵔⵓ
ⵍⵉⴱⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⵎⵓⵏⵔⵓⴼⵢⴰ
ⵎⴰⴷⴰⴳⴰⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵏⴰⵏⴰⵔⵉⴼⵓ
ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵡⵉ ⵍⵉⵍⵓⵏⴳⵡⵉ
ⵎⴰⵍⵉ ⴱⴰⵎⴰⴽⵓ
ⵎⵓⵔⴰⴽⵓⵛ ⵕⴱⴰⵟ
ⵎⵓⵔⵉⵙ (ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ) ⴱⵓⵔ ⵍⵡⵉⵙ
ⵎⵓⵣⴰⵎⴱⵉⵇ ⵎⴰⴱⵓⵜⵓ
ⵏⴰⵎⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵡⵉⵏⴷⵀⵓⴽ
ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔ ⵏⵢⴰⵎⵉ
ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ ⴰⴱⵓⵊⴰ
ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵏ ⴽⵓⵏⴳⵓ ⴱⵔⴰⵣⴰⴼⵉⵍ
ⵔⵡⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴽⵉⴳⴰⵍⵉ
ⵙⴰⵡⵟⵓⵎⵉ ⴷ ⴱⵔⴰⵏⵙⵉⴱ ⵙⴰⵡⵜⵓⵎⵉ
ⵙⵉⵏⵉⴳⴰⵍ ⴷⴰⴽⴰⵔ
ⵙⵉⵛⵍ ⴼⵉⴽⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ
ⵙⵉⵔⴰⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴼⵔⵉⵜⴰⵡⵏ
ⵚⵓⵎⴰⵍ ⵎⵓⵇⴷⵉⵛⵓ
ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴱⵔⵉⵜⵓⵔⵢⴰ
ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵅⴰⵕⵟⵓⵎ
ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵊⵓⴱⴰ
ⵙⵡⴰⵣⵉⵍⴰⵏⴷ ⵍⵓⴱⴰⵎⴱⴰ
ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ ⴷⵓⴷⵓⵎⴰ
ⵟⵓⴳⵓ ⵍⵓⵎⵉ
ⵓⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⴰⵍⴰ
ⵜⵓⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ
ⵥⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵍⵓⵙⴰⴽⴰ
ⵣⵉⵎⴱⴰⴱⵡⵉ ⵀⴰⵔⴰⵔⵉ

ⵥⵕ ⴰⵡⴷEdit

ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏEdit

  1. 1.0 1.1 https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/
  2. (ⵙ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ) Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918). "Afri". In Georges, Heinrich. Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch (8th ed.). Hannover. Retrieved 20 September 2015…
  3. (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles 1879. Afer A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  4. (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Venter & Neuland, NEPAD and the African Renaissance (2005), p. 16
  5. (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Names of countries, Decret and Fantar, 1981.
  6. 6.0 6.1 (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Geo. Babington Michell, "The Berbers", Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 2, No. 6 (January 1903), pp. 161–94.
  7. (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Edward Lipinski, Itineraria Phoenicia, Peeters Publishers, 2004, p. 200. ISBN 90-429-1344-4
  8. (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) "Consultsos.com etymology"
  9. (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) in Revue de Philologie 50, 1976: pp. 221–38.
  10. ⴷⵔⴰⵢⴷⵉⵍ, ⴰⵍⵉⵙⴷⴰⵢ & ⴱⵍⵉⴽ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵍⴷ. (1985) ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵓⴽⵙⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ISBN 0-19-503538-0.
  11. Atlas - Xpeditions @ nationalgeographic.com National Geographic Society. 2003
  12. ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵏⵣ. (1924) ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ, ⴽⵍⴰⵔⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰ
  13. ISBN 0-87779-546-0.
  14. ⵀⵓⵡⵔ ⴱⵉⵏ. (2002) ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⴽⵉⵏⴳⴼⵉⵛⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵔⴰⴳ ⴽⵉⵏⴳⴼⵉⵛⵔ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 11 ISBN 0-7534-5569-2.
  15. ⵔⵉⵜⵛⴰⵔⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⴱⵔⵓⴽ, ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴼⵜⵉⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ. 1985 ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ
  16. http://hdr.undp.org/, ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ 16-03-2018
  17. "ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ". ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ. 2005
  18. "Khoisan Languages". The Language Gulper. 27 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2017.
  19. "ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴳ ⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵢⴰ". 09-05-2008
  20. "Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere". Normitsu Onishi. The New York Times Company. 09-03-2009


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ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵏⵜⴰⵔⵜⵉⴽⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ ⵜⵓⵙⵜⵔⴰⵍⵉⵜ