Wp/zgh/ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⵇⵜ
ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ 6% ⵏ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⴰⵎⵥ 20% ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵢⵓⵎⴰⵏⵏ (ⵜⴰⵏⵏⴰ ⵅⴼ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴽⴽⵉ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ). ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵜⵓⵡⴹ ⴰⵔ 30 415 873 ⴽⵎ² ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵣⵉⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⴰⵢⵏⵏⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵓⵊⵊⴰⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵜⴳ ⵜⵉⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ (ⵎⴽ ⵏⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴷ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ). ⵙ 1,225,080,510[1] ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵉⵙ ⵙⵏⴰⵜ ⴳ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ, ⵜⵉⵍⵉ ⴷⵉⴳⵙ 16,4% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ ⵏ 2016. ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴳⵍⵢ ⵜ ⵉⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⴰⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⴰⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ, ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵀⵉⵏⴷⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ.
| ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ Afrique Africa | |
.svg) | |
| ⵜⴰⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ | 30,370,000 ⴽⵎ² |
| ⵜⴰⵖⵔⴼⵜ (2016) | 1,225,080,510[1] ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ. |
| ⵜⴰⵏⵥⵥⵉ | 36.4/ⴽⵎ² |
| ⴰⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢ ⵓⵙⵜⵉⵢ (ⴰⵙⵎⴰⵡⴰⵏ) | |
| • ⴰⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2017 | 3.3 ⵜⵔⵉⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⴷⵓⵍⴰⵔ |
| ⴰⵙⵎⵖⵔⴼ | ⵉⴼⵔⵉⴽⵉⵢⵏ |
| ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ | 54 |
ⵜⵉⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜEdit
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵥⵓⵔⵜEdit
ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ. ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⴼⴽⴰⵏ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⵉ (Afri) ⵉ ⵢⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵙⵉⴼ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵜⵓ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⴼⴽⴰ ⵉ ⵢⵉⴽⴰⵍⵉⵡⵏ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ (ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ).[2][3] ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⵉ ⵉⵣⴷⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⴼⵉⵏⵉⵇⵜ Afar (ⴰⴼⴰⵔ) ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⵎⴽⵏ "ⴰⴳⴹⵔⵓⵔ"[4] ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 1981 ⵓⵎⴰⵏⴻⵏⵜ ⴷ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ[5] ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵜⵜⵉⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴼⵔⵉ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⴼⵔⵉ (ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ : ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ) ⵙ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵖ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ.[6] ⵜⴰⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ[6] ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵏⵜⵜⴰⴼⴰ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⴱⴰⵏⵓ ⵢⴰⴼⵔⴰⵏ ⴳ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⴷ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ, ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴼⵔⴰⵏ (ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵙ ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ) ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ.[7]
ⴷⴷⵓ ⵓⵏⴱⴰⴹ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵓⵎⵉⵢⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵇⴰⵔⵟⴰⵊ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵥⵓⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴳⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵔⵓⵎⵉⵢⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵢⵓⵎⵥⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵉⴼⵜⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵍⵓⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔⵜ, ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⵔⵥⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴰⵔⵟⴰⵊⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴳⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴱⵓⵏⵉⴽ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⴳ 146 ⴷⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ.[8] ⴰⵎⵎⴰ -ⴽⴰ (-ca) ⵏⵖ -ⵉⴽⴰ (-ica), ⵉⴳⴰ ⴰⴹⴼⵉⵔ ⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ (Latin suffix) ⵙ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ.
- ⵜⵓⵔⴷⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ
- ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓⵜ, ⵉⵙⵙⵍⴽⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⵏⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ ⵓⴷⴰⵢ ⴼⵍⴰⴼⵢⵓⵙ ⵊⵓⵣⵉⴼⵓⵙ (Ant. 1.15) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵉⴼⵉⵔ (Epher), ⵢⴰⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴰⵀⵉⵎ, ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵣⵓⴳⵏ ⵡⴰⵢⴰⵡⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵖⵔ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ.
- ⴳ ⵜⴰⵙⵓⵜ ⵜⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⴰⵜ, ⵉⵙⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⵣⵉⴷⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵛⴱⵉⵍⵢⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⵥⵓⵔⴰⵏ (Etymologiae XIV.5.2) ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⴷⴷⴰ ⵢⵉⵙⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ ⵜⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏⵜ (ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴽⴰ / Aprica), ⴰⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⵉⴼⴼⵓⴽ (ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳⵉⵙ ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ).
- ⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉⵛⵉⵍ ⴼⵔⵓⵢⵜ 1976[9] ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⵡⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ ⵉⵇⵇⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴳⵓⵔⵉ africus (ⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵓⵙ) "ⴰⴹⵓ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ", ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⴱⵔⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Umbrian), ⵉⴳ ⵓⵏⴰⵎⴽ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ ⴰⴹⵓ ⴱⵓ ⵓⵏⵥⴰⵔ (rainy wind).
ⴰⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢEdit
ⵜⴰⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜEdit
ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⴽⵔⴰⴹ ⵉⴱⵓⴷⵉⴷⵏ ⵉⵏⵥⵓⵍⴰⵏⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴰⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ. ⵉⴱⴹⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵢⵉⵍⵍ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ, ⵜⵣⴷⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⴱⴰⴷⵓ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵡⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵉ ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵉⵔⵓⵜ ⵏⵏⵙ 163 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ.[10] (ⴷⴳ ⵜⵔⴰⴽⴰⵍⵜ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵉⵍ ⵜⵎⴳⵣⵉⵔⵜ ⵙⵉⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⵎⵉⵚⵔⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⵏ ⵙⵓⵡⵉⵙ ⴷ ⴰⴳⵣⵣⵓⵎ ⵙⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ)[11] ⵜⵜⵢⵏ ⵉ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵉⴼⵜⴰⵙⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵖⵣⵉ ⵏ 26.000 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ.
ⵙⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴳ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ, ⵔⴰⵙ ⴱⵏ ⵙⴰⵇⵇⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵓⵏⵙ (37°21' ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⴽⵉⴱ ⴰⴳⵓⵍⵀⴰⵙ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ (34°51'15 ⴰⵏⵥⵓⵍ), ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 8,000 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ (5,000 ⵎⵉⵍ);[12] ⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ, ⵉⵖⴼ ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ (34°51'15" ⴰⵜⴰⵔⴰⵎ) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵡⵜⵜⴰ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ, ⵔⴰⵙ ⵀⴰⴼⵓⵏ ⴳ ⵚⵓⵎⴰⵍ (51°27'52" ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹ), ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⵓⵣⴰⵔⵓ ⵏ 7,400 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ (4,600 ⵎⵉⵍ).[13]
ⵜⴳⴰ ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵉⴷⵖ ⵜⵍⴽⵎ ⵜⵊⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏⵏⵙ 2,381,741 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⵜⴹⴼⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵏⵏ ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵙ 1,865,813 ⴽⵉⵍⵓⵎⵉⵜⵔ ⴰⵎⴽⴽⵓⵥ, ⴰⵎⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵉⵛⵍ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⴳⴰⵏ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⴰⵔⴽⴰⴱⵉⵍ ⴳ ⵓⴼⵜⴰⵙ ⴰⴳⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ.[14] ⵜⴳⴰ ⴳⴰⵎⴱⵢⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵥⵥⵉⵢⵏ ⴳ ⵓⴳⵏⵙ ⵏ ⵡⴰⴽⴰⵍ ⴰⴷⵙⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ.
ⵜⴰⴷⵎⵙⴰEdit
ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⴳⴰⵎ ⵉⴳⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⵜⵙⵓⵍ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵥⵍⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴳⴳⴰⵔⵓⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ. ⵙⴳ ⵉⵙⵔⴰⴳⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵢⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵎⵓⴹⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ (ⵍⵓⵎⵔ ⵉⴼⵉⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵍⴰⵔⵢⴰ ⴷ ⵙⵉⴷⴰ), ⵜⵉⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵉⴳⵓⴼⵙⴰⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⵉⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⴱⴽⴽⵉⴹⵏ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉⵜⵏ ⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⴼⴳⴰⵏ, ⴰⵍⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵡⵉⵔⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵇⴱⴱⴰⵏⵉⵜ, ⵉⵎⵏⵖⴰⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵡⵙⵉⵜⵉⵏ[15].ⵜⵓⵡⵢ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵡⴼⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⴼⵖ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⴰⵙ 2003 ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵙⵉⵎⵔⴰⵡ ⴷ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵙⴽⵯⴼⴰⵍ 151 ⴷ 175 ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵉⵡⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ.[16]
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏEdit
ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⵓⵜⴰⴳ ⵙⵙⴽⵏⴻⵏ ⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵡⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴼⴹ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ (ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ ⵜⵙⵙⵓⵜⴳ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴹⵏ).[17] ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵡⴼⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ, ⵉⵍⵍⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵉⵏⵏⴰ ⵎⵓ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵙⴰⵍⴰ ⵏⵏⵙⵏⵜ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ. ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴰⵎⵏⵥⴰⵡ ⴰⴳⵜⵏⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ, ⴷ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⵖⴰⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴼⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ, ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ ⴰⵡⴷ ⵢⴰⵜ ⵏⵖ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵙⴳ ⵜⵓⵔⵓⴼⵜ. ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴽⴽⵓⵥⵜ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ :
- ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Afroasiatic) ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴷⴳⵙ ⵡⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ 240 ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ 285 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⵙⴽ ⴰⵡⴼⵔⵉⴽ, ⴰⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⵙⴰⵃⵉⵍ, ⴷ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵣⵉⵜ.
- ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Nilo-Saharan) ⵜⵓⵎⵢ ⵓⴳⴳⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵉⴹⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍⵏ 30 ⵎⵍⵢⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵛⴰⴷ, ⵉⵜⵓⴱⵢⴰ, ⴽⵉⵏⵢⴰ, ⵏⵉⵊⵉⵔⵢⴰ, ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ, ⵙⵓⴷⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ, ⵓⴳⴰⵏⴷⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⵏ ⵟⴰⵏⵥⴰⵏⵢⴰ.
- ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Niger-Congo) ⵜⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴷⴷⵓ ⵜⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ (Sub-Saharan Africa). ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴰ ⵜⴰⵍⵍⵉ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵎⵇⵇⵓⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⴳ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ.
- ⵜⴰⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⴰⵏⵜ (Khoisan) ⴷⴳⵙ ⴰⵜⵜⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵎⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ, ⴷⴰ ⵜⵏⵜ ⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ 400.000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⴷⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵏⵥⵓⵍ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ.[18] ⵜⵓⴳⵜⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵡⴰⵛⵓⵍⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵡⴼⵓⴹ.
ⴷⴼⴼⵉⵔ ⵜⵉⴳⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴷⵓⵔⵔⵉ, ⵙⵙⵏⵚⴱⵏⵜ ⴰⴽⴽⵯ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵕⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⴷⴷⵓⴷⵉⵏ, ⵎⵇⵇⴰⵔ ⵎⴽⴰⵏⵏ ⵍⵍⴰⵏⵜ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⵙⵙⵎⵖⵔⵏⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵡⴼⵔⵉⴽⵉⵏ (ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ: Swahili, Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa). ⴳ ⵡⴰⵟⵟⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ, ⵜⴰⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴼⵕⴰⵏⵙⵉⵙⵜ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⵔⴰⵙⵏⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⴰ ⵓⵏⴱⵉⵣ ⴰⵎ ⵜⴰⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ, ⵜⴰⵙⵖⵏⵣⵉⵜ, ⴰⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰ.
ⴰⵙⴳⴷEdit
ⴼⵍⵙⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵙ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ,[19] ⵎⴰⵛⵛ ⵉⵎⵔⴰ ⴰⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⴽⵔ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵟⵟⵏ ⵉ ⵢⵉⵏⴼⵍⴰⵙ ⵏ ⴽⵔⴰⵢⴳⴰⵜ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ, ⴰⵛⴽⵓ ⵓⵔ ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜⵉⵔⵉⵏⵜ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵎⵎⵔⴽⵙⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ.[20] ⵉⵍⵍⴰ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵎⴰⴹⴰⵍ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵏⵙⵍⵎ ⴰⴷ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵢⵓⴹⵔⴻⵔⵏ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⵉⴹⴼⵔ ⵜ ⵓⵙⴳⴷ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃ. ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⴳ ⵜⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⵜⴰⴱⵔⵉⵟⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ 45% ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖ ⵏ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⵙⵍⵎⵏ , ⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⴰⵙⵉⵃⵉⵏ 40% ⴷ ⴷⴷⴰⵡ 15% ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⴷ ⵡⴰⵔ ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⵏⵖ ⴷ ⵉⵎⴹⴼⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴷⴰⵏ ⵉⵡⴼⵔⵉⴽⵏ. ⵢⵉⵍⵉ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵏ ⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⴳⴰⵏ ⵉⵀⵉⵏⴷⵓⵙⵏ, ⵉⴱⴰⵀⴰⵢⵏ, ⴷ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ.
ⵥⵔ ⴰⵡⴷEdit
ⵉⵙⴰⵖⵓⵍⵏEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/
- ↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵍⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ)Georges, Karl Ernst (1913–1918). "Afri". In Georges, Heinrich. Ausführliches lateinisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch (8th ed.). Hannover. Retrieved 20 September 2015…
- ↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Lewis, Charlton T.; Short, Charles 1879. Afer A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
- ↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Venter & Neuland, NEPAD and the African Renaissance (2005), p. 16
- ↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Names of countries, Decret and Fantar, 1981.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Geo. Babington Michell, "The Berbers", Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 2, No. 6 (January 1903), pp. 161–94.
- ↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) Edward Lipinski, Itineraria Phoenicia, Peeters Publishers, 2004, p. 200. ISBN 90-429-1344-4
- ↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) "Consultsos.com etymology"
- ↑ (ⵙ ⵜⵏⴳⵍⵉⵣⵜ) in Revue de Philologie 50, 1976: pp. 221–38.
- ↑ ⴷⵔⴰⵢⴷⵉⵍ, ⴰⵍⵉⵙⴷⴰⵢ & ⴱⵍⵉⴽ ⵊⵉⵔⴰⵍⴷ. (1985) ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⴰⴼⴰ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵓⴽⵙⴼⵓⵔⴷ ⴳ ⵉⵡⵓⵏⴰⴽ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ ISBN 0-19-503538-0.
- ↑ Atlas - Xpeditions @ nationalgeographic.com National Geographic Society. 2003
- ↑ ⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⴼⴰⵏⵣ. (1924) ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ, ⴽⵍⴰⵔⵉⵏⴷⵓⵏ ⵉ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰ
- ↑ ISBN 0-87779-546-0.
- ↑ ⵀⵓⵡⵔ ⴱⵉⵏ. (2002) ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵙⵏⴰ ⴽⵉⵏⴳⴼⵉⵛⵔ ⵙⴳ ⵢⴰ ⴰⵔ ⵢⴰⵣ ⵜⵉⴳⵎⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵥⵔⴰⴳ ⴽⵉⵏⴳⴼⵉⵛⵔ. ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰ 11 ISBN 0-7534-5569-2.
- ↑ ⵔⵉⵜⵛⴰⵔⴷ ⵙⴰⵏⴷⴱⵔⵓⴽ, ⵜⵉⵙⵔⵜⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⴹⵓⵔⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵡⴼⵜⵉⴽⵜ, ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵉⴳⴳⵣⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴽⴰⵎⴱⵔⵉⴷⵊ. 1985 ⴰⵎⴰⵍⴰⵙ
- ↑ http://hdr.undp.org/, ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⵏⵏ, ⵜⵉⵎⵃⴹⵉⵜ 16-03-2018
- ↑ "ⵜⴰⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ". ⵢⵓⵏⵉⵙⴽⵓ. 2005
- ↑ "Khoisan Languages". The Language Gulper. 27 ⵉⵏⵏⴰⵢⵔ 2017.
- ↑ "ⴰⵙⴳⴷ ⴳ ⵜⴼⵔⵉⴽⵜ". 09-05-2008
- ↑ "Rising Muslim Power in Africa Causing Unrest in Nigeria and Elsewhere". Normitsu Onishi. The New York Times Company. 09-03-2009