Wp/vmw/Epuruviisiya ya Osampeesiya

< Wp | vmw
Wp > vmw > Epuruviisiya ya Osampeesiya

Osampeeesiya ti epuruvinsiya emosa ya epuruvinsiyan empwanwaneya muttetthe eriyari ya elapo ya OMosampiikhi.

Osampeesiya

Epooma aya yulupale Okhilimani, eri voophiyaka ikhilomu ekonto 1 600 oroooka ota wa Omaputu, epooma yulupale ya elapao. Ni muttetthe aya a ikhilomu emiya 105 008 sorukurerya ikwaha vaali i apinaatamu aya a imilyawu 5 110 787 athu ankhala eyaakha ya 2017, emkawanyeya variyari va itistiriitu 22 , ni yookhalana okhuma’ ookhuma eyaakha ya 2013, imunisiipiyu thanu namosa: Omoolokwe, Okuruwe, Omakaanca ta koosta, Omilaace, Omokupa ni Okhilimani.

Niwehe wi matthetthe aya napinaatamu epuruvinsiya eya teri ya nanli, muhina mwa muttetthe ottuli wa Oniyasa muhina mwapinaatamu otthuli a wamphula.

Mapuro eryaaya

edit

Osulu wa oleeste a muttetthe eriyari ya omosampiikhi, Osampeesiya okhalana mikano saya ota ni ipuruvinsiya ya Wamphula ni Oniyasa, ophatthuwa nsuwa ni ekanaale ya Omosampiikhi, Oseyaano Intiku ni othi ni epuruvinsitya ya Osofaala. Mpamtte okela nsuwa, o0hiya tho epuruvinsiya ya Oteete, eniphattuwa tho Malawi[1].

Mwaattelliwo Apinaatamu

edit

Ntoko eresultaato soopacerya se mwaarepele a eyaakh ya 2017, epuruvinsiya ya Osampieesiya erina imilyawu 5 110 787 ankhala va mmuttetthe a 105 008 ikhilomu sene ikwaha vaanli, ni, vaavo mwaaatelo wa athu ta 48,7 apinaatamu wa khuta ekhilomu Kwaaraato, tivaavo erya aya epuruvinsiya ya naali yotepa waatta apinaatamu. Muhina mwa mukhalelo aya ipurusento, 52,7% sapinaatamu yaari athiyana ni ipurusento 47,3% alopwana. Mammaru ala eyaakha ya 2017 yanikhalela mwaattelo a emilyawu 1 220 334 ya pinaatamu wala 31,4% vatananihiwa naale a 3 890 453 yaakhaya yalempwe mwaarepele 2007[2].

Ehantiisi

edit

Epuruvinsiya ya Osampeesiya epwattunwe okhuma wa etistiriitu ya Osampeesiya okathi waakolono.

Nsina

edit

Nsina na Osampeesiya nipattuxiwe eyaakha 1858 mwa nlamulo na etekereeto, yakumaanya ipooma da Okhilimani ni "Rios de Sena" (nsina nikina na Osampeesiya). Mapuro ale olelo ari epuruvinsiya ya osampeesiya , okathi ovinre munceene yaari "Etistiriitu ya Okhilimani", ethokihiwe mwaakha 1817, yatharuxiw ni khitakaaheriwa ela ya Oseene mwaakha wa 1829 ni khitthikiheriwa mwaakha wa 1853[3].

Eparaaso

edit

Opuheriwa wa muttetthe ola , wala ole oteene ole o Vaale wa Sampeese, opaceriwe eseekulu ya XVII ni okameliwa mittetthe naakunya "indo-portugueses" (ahiiti yaapatisiwe khikhala makatooliko, yiittwelanse masina akunya mapwittikisi) ananakoso wala atooropa, wakakhanyihiwaka ni musokho a khuta mwaakha. Mavaheriyo aya yiiriwa "Okathi", wala , makoto maanli nnakhala mararu, waatthikiwa mwana mutwiyana opaceriiwa. Wavira Okathi ola, mittetthe iye satthikihe[4] riwa aya mmatatani mwa Estaato, masi vaahikhala votthikiheriwaka axineene ale avakhalayini yiithaniwa "anookathi", amahooleli yaweha wi ale akhanle tiyarumeela atumererya saneene. Voohipaphelo, nivaavo tho, mapuheriyo ala yapacenrye eseekulu yoomatthuli, variwari va mwiwananelo salutteleleniwa akalono ni maxeefi amawaani, okayhi mukina akweheriwa ni miira othela. Nookathi ohikhala nroromelo nootumererya naakolono, ithu iye sahithatuwa khukhala ti "estaato ekeekhayi" naatoropa awe "axikuunta". Ohiya tho vo axitokweene khayaaliva musokho o estaato portukeexi, ntoko weteteeriwe awe mukhalelo okoporariwa "musokho" (pinaatamu ni muthinto, yalokihiwa aya axaaxa axilopwana, a yaakha saya 16) alipo oliima yaruwerya mmatthalanai mwaya. Ahiya vaavo, yanaavya eyeero ni yanitumiya maarfi ni ipotha yakakhanyihaka ni mittitti ni mikhova saakhuma wiitiya ni Olixipowa. Mpakha eyaakha 1850, Okuupa ti waari nipuru nootepa oroohiwa epotha sa osampeesiya.

Eyaakha ya 1870, yaari okelimani (khavaaweryaneya ovolowa "Estaato ya Omakanca ya Koosta") weeno Portukaale amantari awe niwaliviha awe "musokho", apattuxiwa ni khiyalivihiwa nm i maparaseero. Iyo ,voohiya tho, eyaakha ya 1854, Kuveeruni Oportukaale "ahimalamaliha " Iparaaso iyo ( ekwaha ya neeli, yoopacerya yeraneye eyaakha ya 1832. Malamulo a itekereeto ya eyaakha yeeyo yanimalamaliha mukhalelo opothana (, vireye aya sisaale ale uma " otaphuliwa " yanikhuxiw vokhanyereriwa khiyaroohiwa Ikisiro sa Mafaranseexi ya oceyaano Intiiku, Omawuritaaniya wala "Ikisiro ya Bourbon" ni Reyuniyawu wala "Ekisiro Fança", ni mukhalelo "onamuteko") ni mpoosto omekhaa awe , ahirattelihiwa ni Ipoosito a Palyoota, ntoko musonkhano a ipereetiyu[5].

Moono woolopwana Osampeesiya ni moono yoothiyana wa epuruvinsiya yoolelo enriwa Oteete, eparaaso iyo sahipacerya waatakariwa Oteete, eyaakha ya 1830, ni Mankoni yatwanwa vavale viiraneyaka nfekaani, anihoverihiwa, eparaaso sa Osampeesiya , sahiiyeleela mulathu vivaavo. Masi , voohiya vaavo, " vohihimuxiwa" ni Antonio Enes , namiruku mukhulupale okathi waakolono vamalakaro- Opothaniwa, khavaweryaneny olipihereya mihakhu sa okathi ole viira aya vamalamalihiwakaru ophothana variyari va ikompanyiya iye suulupale. Noomiryeya mwaha waalesa, yahonasa womaleloni muraanyeyo akolono, masi yaari eriyari ya eseekula XIX sanirumeeliwa mukhalelo Omweene, vootharelana ahitatuxiwa "axikuuta" ni Masupayu, wi waatthikiherye athu mmuttetthe[6].

Mapwattuwelo a miteko soolima viirerliwaka Otumihiwa

edit

Vowiiraka eyaakha ya 1870, Okhilimane sahipacerya othipeliwa ikonpanyiya sa Weeyuroopa khamosa –Khamosa, sihaathuna ipotha, nnakhala maarfi, masi ayo Nxotte, mattuvi, xiicili ni Koopora, soohayexiwa mukaafirika sa makhura, esapwawu ni ikina ikina, siira ipattuxiwakaru.

Woopaceryani, saatumiheriwa maparaseero, yaawo yarukununwe khiyaakhanyererya alimi wi aruweryeke ipyo iyo. Mithoonyro sa Ikopanyiya iyo tiiya "Fabre & Filhos" ni "Régie Ainé", sootene eseeti aya yaari Omarseelya "Oost Afrikaansch Handelshuis", Woolanta, ni "Companhia Africana de Lisboa".

Ela yiithaniwa "Oost" yahihula mikhora saya Oseena esukurusaale emosa enannuherya oruweriwa mattuvi muttetthe ole. Masi olima wanamusini kharuweriha vanceene ntoko vattuniwa aya, vaahikhala othokihiwa imatta. Okathi yoole kuvenatoro a "epuruvinsiya yoovikana Iphareya", Augusto de Castilho, amantari wawe aniithuna wi okhalana epaasi ya mahakhu wi othipelele okamela muttetthe , ehitumererya eyaakha ya 1886 "epostariya ya Epuruvinsiya " yakhapelele olivihiwa musukho "musuukho " mparaasuni (yoole anteeriwe "atharuxiwe" ekwaha ya neeraru vahinathi ophiya iyaakha thanamosa), yanakhupanyerya axilopwana ophiyerya oliva musukho, yahikhalana ni ipyo wala muteko; ti maama vapacerya aya oreeriheliwa imatha ssuulupale sa mikole ni, thana thanaru , sisaale ni mihala[7].

Eyaakha ya 1890, "Komisaariyu Régio" ahitumererya, vaavale vira aya eweha wehiwaka ekhettelo sa malamulo a Muteko Ruraale a eyaakhan ya 1875 (qyaahimwa wi paahi manamuna okhanyereriwa a "miruku" saakolono [ isomwe sa anamalima mantiixina] wi aruweryase yiirelaka otumiha), waanihimwa wi namalima khaarika manamuna ooliva "musuukho " erumeeliwaka mukhalelo a khuta muthu: "…Ole ori taalukari [iparaaso iye] ahaana mutumereryo alinvwa naakolono mwaha wa muteko amawaani, nnkhalaka ithoosu imiya 800 sa reyaale, yaaliva muteko ola yaari athu atokweene va hehakhi ya imiya 400 sa reyaale wa khuta esumana ni anamwane yalivwa imiya 200 sa ireyaale[8]. Nlamulo nna nanaatumererya thi mapareseero wi wakameleke mittetthe iye ni yaaliveke akolono misokho sene iye.

Masi maparaseero awo khayaweryanse wi athatuxe muteko aya wanamakweherya ipotha wala oonamaruwe rya a mireerelo vakhaani sa munikhuruni, khahiyo mwaha woothowela mweetetelo (wala ohithuna), masi tho mwaha woothowa musurukhu. Woomalelani waya tivale yalukarihaayasa vasya wala otumiha, amalelaka siiso ekwaha yoomwene a mpantte ole Omosampiikhi.

Ikompaniya Soowunuwexa

edit

Orattelanihiya okathi wa omwene ni wa Iparaaso oroohiwaka mukompanyiya arumeeliwa omamuhakhu ni opwhattuwa wa ipereesa. visiiso , ntoko nthoonyeryo, namwaalukari Baltazar Farinha ahipattuxa efiirima "Farinha & Lopes", ikwaha ikwaha sene yanirattelihiwa ni "Eigenman & Pereira" ninele mwa "Eigenman, Pereira & Stucky", epattunxe vekekhayi ya " ekompanyiya ya Boror". Ela "Stucky", wala Joseph Stucky de Quay, Osuwiisa akhalanna mulupale awe Georges yoowo, eyaakha ya 1899, ahihoolele ekoluna ya masipayu a Oporoore ni avolohi awe oxeefi Okhonkoni, manamuna yoowo, ahivarelela otumererya muttetthe ole inaakhula itistiriitu sa Oluxela, Onkhupa ni Onamukhura[9].

Yaari manamuna yaala akolono wakhupaarela aya wakamela woomalele ya muttetthe. Iyaakha sa miloko 1920, Stucky taattottopeliwe ni kuveeruni Oportukaale ni ethuvo Konte. Eyaakha ya 1921, muttetthe oteene "etistiriitu ya Okhilimane" yakawanyeya variyari va iparaaso 23, mwivaavo, yahivira, vohihiya vo ikoopanyiya eye thaaru, siirela mpantte a ikonpanyiya sa macestaate, vasi aayo iye " siira omwaalukariwa" vookathii – masi va mwaha ikina, sanitakaheriwa ni ikuru sa mmuttetthene. Saari ikompaniya sintharelana ni iparaaso sookhala (mparentisini iyaakha yoopacerya walukarihiwa wala ophattuwa wa ekompanyiya):

  • Eparaasa "Sootaphuwa" sa Ikompanyiya (waattamela epooma yamukhaani ya Okhilimane)[10]:
    • Okurunku, waalukarihiwe Francisco Gavicho de Lacerda (1906);
    • Pepino ni Okhilimane suuli , yaari ni nsina Vitorino Romão da Nazareth (nihiku ihinsuweliwa);
  • Ekompanyiya ya Osapeesiya (1892):
    • Omasinxiri (1897);
    • Wantoona(1987);
    • Ankwaze(1897);
    • Otimpwe (1900);
  • Ekompanyiya ya Oporoore (1898):
    • Oporoore (1898);
    • Omaakhusi (1898);
    • Olikuunku (1898);
    • Onamethoro (1899);
    • Oteere (nihiku nihinsuweliwa);
  • Esosiyetaate ya Omataala (1904):
    • Omataala (1903, axineene akhalayi Gonzaga, Bovay ni Ca);
    • Otankalana (idem);
    • Oxirikoona (idem);
    • Omayintho (1904);
    • Inyasuuxi (1916);
  • Epereesa Yoolima ya Oluxeela (1906):
    • Oluuxela (1906);
    • Omilaaxe (1906);
    • Olomee (1910);
  • Seena Suukaar Estates (1920):
    • Omakanca d’Aquém Oxiire (1894, niiye saathokiha Ekompanyiya ya Esuukhiri ya Omosampiikhi);
    • Luwaapu (1911, yaranttenle Sena Sugar Factory) ni
    • Maraale (idem).

Mwivaavo, maweheryo a matumereryo akolono, etistiriitu "etistiriitu" yakawanyeya paani muhina mwa iskuskirisawu xexé (sipattuxiwe mahiku athonyiwe muparentesixini), sakhupaarela mmpannte ophareya ya Osampeesiya [11]:

  • Omoolokwe (1918),
  • Wiile (1918),
  • Omakanxa ta Koosta (1908) ni
  • Omwaapase (1919, eniithaniwa Ophepani eyaaka ya 1926; Osiyuwa wapattuxiwe eyaakha ya 1919, masi kwikwelihiwa eyaakha ya 1923, ni muttethe aya variyari va Omoolokwe ni Ophepani).

Eyaakha ya 1913, ikitaari soophiyaka imilyawu thanaxexe sa osampeesiya 5,4 imilyawu sene satumereriwa naale ari tayaalukarisi, seeyo soohala sa 3,6 imilyawu sene " ereseerva" ya estaato 0,5% aari muttethe sowalukariwa (eyaakha ya 1924, numaru nna nowele 0,7%). Nno nno nthonyeryo na miruweryo sa (mikoole, sisaale, nxotte ni mihali) okwala sinikhanyererya anamuteko anceene ni ikompanyiya iye okhala wi khisaathuna opatthuxa maakina, mwaha wi apinaatamu yanivikana ni isalaariyu sohusuwanyeya. Voohiya tho vo , imattha iyo sinithokorerya muttetthe asinruweriwa ipwo soolya wi ahitepe okhalana mixankiho manamuna olyihiwa anamuteko. Manamuna ovariwa aala yaniruuhela muraarelo owoneyaxa. Epalantasawu, vivaavo , kahiyo taari paaahi manamuno othawali ya ikopanyiya, maana ikina sanikwanya anya valattanaka nivaavo yanakuxa anamueko khiyaroha ilapo sa Okhupele ( nnamwi yavonyela ikettelo seetteliwa). Ntoko nthoonyeryo, epereesa ya Olima ya Oluxela yahikhalana wamapherekesa aya Francisco Monteiro, aari timwaneene Iroosa sa kakaawu o São Tome, ni, ntoko vahimwa ithoonyero sa okathi, vanuraanyiwa wi variyari va iyaakha sa 1910 ni 1915, yahiroohiwa ni mukhalelo "onamuteko a ekontoraato" Osao tome yaaphiya ikonto 30 ya mamosampikaano, masi naale yakhumihi ohiya Osampeesiya, masi tho mapuro makina yakuxiwa aya anamuteko yaari orehereriwa[12].

Akinaku ophiyaka ikonto muloko vananyiheriwa yi yahiroohiwa epalantasawu sa Otaransvaale (Waafirika de Suuli). Okathi mmosaru yoowo, wi arumeele mwiwananelo iyo Erepupiliika ya Waafirika ya Osuuli, anamatumererya ekolono yahikalana muteko owakweherya anamuteko: voleepwa wi okhuma eyaakha ya 1904 mpakha 1907, wahivenya okhuma epoortu ya Okhilimani ni Oxiite.Alopwana ikonto sene 8141 yaakhuma "mureseereva"ya estaato ni mparaasani mwa Oluxeela. Manamuna opuheriwa ala yahithowiha mukhalelo apinataamu oyariwa osampeesiya, yowo apacerye okathi wapakaniwa epotha ni wa "musookho" maparaseero, okhala wi vaanikhala muteko ni mireerelo sa mukhalelo ekumi sexikhaani mittetthe sowathamele Oroteesiya ni Onyasalaatiya, voohiya tho vo Otaransvaale. Vanupuweliwa tho okhopela othowa w amaasi ni otothowa waatanyerya otyowa eyoolya ni makhupaareliyo mukhalelo a ekumi, nnakhala mukompanyiyani. Eeyaakaha ya 1906, weeteteya ya athi Okhilimane ni Oteete yaara wa athu ikonto 22.454, wiyaala ekonto 1954 yaroowe Otaransvaale, imiya 500 taale yaari yateka ephiro ya eyuuma ya Osuwansilaatiya ni ikonto 20 arowe aya khonsuwanyeya; mpantte mukina , mwaakha yoowo tho , ntoko soorepeliwa soothareya, osampeesiya yaahikwasa mwaha wa etala voophiyaka ikonto 30 saathu. Etaakata ya 1910, Carl Wiese, namwaalukari a Ekompanyiya ya Osampiisiya, ahisuweliha wi arimeela ithu ikonto miloko 50 eparaaso sa Omasinciri , Omilaance ni Oteete[13].

Kuveeruni

edit

Mpakha eyaakha ya 2020 epuruvinsiya yahooleliwa ni makuvernatore a epuruvinsiya anomeyariwe nin Pereseteeti a Erepuupilika. Vathareleliwaka oweha wehiwa nlamulo na elapo a eyaakha ya 2018 ni mukhalelo musya muhina mwa omwaryamwariwa wa eyaakha ya 2018 ni 2019, Kovernatore A epuruvinsiya vahoorya oniira omuthanliwa variyari va mwathanle anamunceenen ni sakarataari a estaato ya Epuruvinsiyan tottkhiwa ni peresiteete a Erepuupilika

Makuverenatoru onomeyariwa

edit
  • (1978-1983) Osvaldo Assahel Tazama
  • (1983-1986) Mario da Graca Machunngo
  • (1986-1987) Feliciano Salomão Gundana
  • (1987) António Fernando Materula: Okuruxiwa mwaya wa mukhalelo a ekumi
  • (1987-1995) Carlos Agostinho do Rosário
  • (1995-2000) Orlando Pedro Candua
  • (2000-2005) Lucas Chomera Jeremias
  • (2005-2010) Carvalho Muaria
  • (2010-2012) Francisco Itai Meque
  • (2012-2015) Joaquim Veríssimo
  • (2015-2020) Abdul Razak Noormahomed

Makuvernatore Othanliwa

edit
  • (2020-) Pio Augusto Matos. Othanliwa ni epartiitu ya FRELIMO

Masakarataari a estaato

edit
  • (2020-2023) Judith Mussácula
  • (2023-) Cristina Mafumo

Makawanyereyo

edit

Itistiriitu

edit

Epuruvinsiya ela enkawanyeya itistiriitu sene 22, iye 16 saahikhala vaavale viraneye awe mwaarepele eyaakha ya 2007, masi etistiriitu ya Okhilimane, etthikiheriwa eyaakha ya 2013 wi etumereryeke ekuru sa Kuveerunu senteraale ni onipwanyererya muttetthe a munisiipiyu onakhula nsina neeno ni iye isya itistiriitu sa Oluwaapo, Oteere, Omukhupela noi Omuleevala [14]:

  • Omoolokwe
  • Oxiite
  • Oteere
  • Oxiile
  • Okuuruwe
  • Wiile
  • Winyasuuxe
  • Oluwaapo
  • Oluxeela
  • Omakanca ta Koosta
  • Omilaaxe
  • Omukhupa
  • Omukhupeela
  • Omuluupu
  • Omopeeya
  • Omurumpaala
  • Omuleevala
  • Onamakhura
  • Onamarooyi
  • Onikwatala
  • Ophepaani
  • Okhilimani

Imunisiipiyu

edit

Epuruvinsiya ela erina emunisiipiyu 5.

  • Omoolokwe (epooma yamukhaani )
  • Okuruuwe (epooma)
  • Omakaaxa ta Koosta (epooma yamukhaani)
  • Omilaaxe (epooma yamukhaani)
  • Omokuupa (epooma)
  • Okhilimani (epooma)

Niwehe tho epooma yamukhaani ya Omoolokwe ethatunwe okhala munisiipiyu eyaakha ya 2008 ni Omakaaxa ya Okoosta mwaakha wa 2013.

Ithoonyeryo

edit
  1. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  2. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  3. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  4. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  5. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  6. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  7. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  8. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  9. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  10. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  11. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  12. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  13. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia
  14. https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamb%C3%A9zia