ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨾᩯ᩠᩵ᨶᩅ᩵ᩤᨵᩤ᩠ᨲᩩᨴᩣ᩠ᨦᨥᩮᨾᩦ ᨾᩦᩈᩢᨬ᩠ᨬᩃᩢᨠ᩠ᨡᨱ᩼ᨤᩨ H ᩓᩃᩮ᩠ᨡᩋᨴᩬᨾ ᪁᪩ ᨵᩤ᩠ᨲᩩᨶᩦ᩶ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᨵᩤ᩠ᨲᩩᨴᩦ᩵ᨷᩮᩤᨴᩦ᩵ᩈᩩᨯ ᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨿᨶᩲᩈᨽᩣᩅᨾᩣᨲᩕᨮᩣ᩠ᨶᨧᩢᨾᩦᩈᨳᩣᨶᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᩋ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿᨡᩬᨦᨾᩰᩃᩮᨣᩩᩃ᩼ ᪂ ᩋᨴᩬᨾᨾᩦᩈᩪᨲ᩠ᨲ᩼ H2 ᨪᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᨦᩉᩖ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦᨴᩮᩬᩨ᩵ᩋᨣᩴᩁᩬ᩶ᨦᩅ᩵ᩤᨯᩱᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶ (dihydrogen)[1] ᨲᩯ᩵ᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨿᨴ᩠ᩅᩫ᩵ᨻᩱᩓ᩠ᩅᨣᩴᨧᩢᩁᩬ᩶ᨦᨠᩢ᩠ᨶᩅ᩵ᩤᩋ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶ (hydrogen gas), ᨾᩰᩃᩮᨣᩩᩃ᩼ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶ (molecular hydrogen) ᨣᩤᩅ᩵ᩤ ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶ (hydrogen) ᨷᩴᨯᩣ᩠ᨿ᪩ ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨷᩴᨾᩦᩈᩦ ᨷᩴᨾᩦᨠᩖᩥ᩵ᩁ ᨷᩴᨾᩦᩁᩫ᩠ᩈᨩᩣ᩠ᨲ[2] ᨷᩴᨾᩦᨻᩥ᩠ᩈ ᩓᨲᩥ᩠ᨯᨼᩱᨯᩱ᩶ᨦ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨿ᪩ ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᨵᩤ᩠ᨲᩩᨴᩦ᩵ᨾᩦᨶᩢ᩠ᨠᨴᩦ᩵ᩈᩩᨯᨶᩲᨧᩢᨠ᩠ᨠᩅᩤ᩠ᩊ[3][Note 1] ᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨿᩈᩈᩣ᩠ᩁᨵᩢᨾ᩠ᨾᨯᩣᨳᩮᩥ᩠ᨦ ᪇᪅% ᩃ᩠ᩅ᩶ᩁᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶ᪩ ᨯᩣ᩠ᩅᩁᩂᨠ᩠ᩈ᩼ᨩᩮᩬᩨ᩶ᩋᩅ᩵ᩤᨯ᩠ᩅᨦᨲᩅᩢ᩠ᨶ ᨾᩦᩈ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁᨷᩕᨠᩬᨷᩉᩖᩢᨠᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨶᩲᩈᨳᩣᨶᨽᩖᩣ᩠ᩈᨾᩣ ᩈ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁᨷᩫ᩠ᨶᩃᩰᩫ᩠ᨠ ᨸᩡᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨯᩱ᩶ᨶᩲᨶ᩶ᩣᩴ ᩈᩣ᩠ᩁᨷᩕᨠᩬᨷ (ᨶᩲᩁᩪ᩠ᨷᨯᩱᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶ) ᩓᨶᩲᩁᩪ᩠ᨷᨡᩬᨦᨾᩰᩃᩮᨣᩩᩃ᩼ᩋᩨ᩠᩵ᨶᪧ᪩ ᩋᩱᨪᩰᨵᩰᩫ᩠ᨷᨡᩬᨦᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨴᩦ᩵ᨸᩡᨯᩱ᩶ᨶᩢ᩠ᨠᩉᩖᩣ᩠ᨿ (ᩈᩢᨬ᩠ᨬᩃᩢᨠ᩠ᨡᨱ᩼ 1H) ᨾᩦᩈ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁᨷᩕᨠᩬᨷᨤᩨᨻᩕᩰᨴᩬᨶ᩼ ᪁ ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨠᩢ᩠ᨷᩋᩥᩃᩮᩢ᩠ᨠᨴᩕᩬᨶ᩼ ᪁ ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨿᨷᩴᨾᩦᨶᩥ᩠ᩅᨴᩕᩬᨶ᩼᪩
 | |||||||||||||||
| ᩁᩪ᩠ᨷᩃᩢᨠ᩠ᨡᨱ | ᩋ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿᨷᩴᨾᩦᩈᩦ | ||||||||||||||
| ᨶ᩶ᩣᩴᩉ᩠ᨶᩢ᩠ᨠᩋᨴᩬᨾᨾᩣᨲᩕᨮᩣ᩠ᨶ | Ar°(H) [1.00784, 1.00811] 1.0080±0.0002 | ||||||||||||||
| ᩃᩮ᩠ᨡᩋᨴᩬᨾ (Z) | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| ᩉ᩠ᨾᩪ᩵ | ᩉ᩠ᨾᩪ᩵ 1 ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᩓᩋᩢ᩠ᩃᨤᩣᩃᩱᨶ᩼ | ||||||||||||||
| ᨤᩣ᩠ᨷ | ᨤᩣ᩠ᨷ 1 | ||||||||||||||
| ᨷᩖᩬᨠ᩼ | ᨷᩖᩬᨠ᩼-S | ||||||||||||||
| ᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᩀᩣ᩠ᨿᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨡᩬᨦᩋᩥᩃᩮᩢ᩠ᨠᨴᩕᩬᨶ᩼ | 1s1 | ||||||||||||||
| ᨧᩣᩴᨶ᩠ᩅᩁᨡᩬᨦᩋᩥᩃᩮᩢ᩠ᨠᨴᩕᩬᨶ᩼ᨲᩬᩴ᩵ᨩᩢ᩠᩶ᨶ | 1 | ||||||||||||||
| ᩅᩢᨭ᩠ᨭᨽᩣ᩠ᨣᨴᩦ᩵ STP | ᩋ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ | ||||||||||||||
| ᨧᩩᨯᨶᩱ᩵ | (H2) 13.99 K (−259.16 °C, −434.49 °F) | ||||||||||||||
| ᨧᩩᨯᨯᩮᩬᩨᨯ | (H2) 20.271 K (−252.879 °C, −423.182 °F) | ||||||||||||||
| ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾᩉ᩠ᨶᩣᩉ᩠ᨶᩯ᩶ᩁ (ᨴᩦ᩵ STP) | 0.08988 g/L | ||||||||||||||
| ᨧᩩᨯᩁ᩠ᩅ᩵ᨾᩈᩣ᩠ᨾ | 13.8033 K, 7.041 kPa | ||||||||||||||
| ᨧᩩᨯᩅᩥᨠᩂᨲ | 32.938 K, 1.2858 MPa | ||||||||||||||
| ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣᩁᩬ᩶ᩁᨺᩯ᩠ᨦᨡᩬᨦᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᨶᩱ᩵ | (H2) 0.117 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||
| ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾᩁᩬ᩶ᩁᨺᩯ᩠ᨦᨡᩬᨦᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᨠᩖᩣ᩠ᨿᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᩋ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿ | (H2) 0.904 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||
| ᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾᨧᩩᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾᩁᩬ᩶ᩁᨾᩰᩃᩣᩁ᩼ | (H2) 28.836 J/(mol·K) | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
| ᩃᩮ᩠ᨡᩋᩬᨠᨪᩥᨯᩮᨫᩢ᩠ᨶ | −1, 0, +1 (ᩋᩬᨠᨪᩱᨯ᩼ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᩋᩯ᩠ᨾᨼᩰᨵᩮᩁᩥ᩠ᨣ) | ||||||||||||||
| ᩋᩥᩃᩮᩢ᩠ᨠᨵᩕᩰᨶᩮᨣᩤᨴᩥᩅᩥᨴᩦ | 2.20 (ᨽᩬᩴᩃᩥ᩠ᨦᩈᨣᩮ᩠ᩃ) | ||||||||||||||
| ᨻᩃᩴᨦᩣ᩠ᨶᩋᩱᩋᩬᩴᨶᩱᨪᩮᨫᩢ᩠ᨶ | ᩃᩣᩴᨯᩢ᩠ᨷᨴᩦ᩵ 1: 1312.0 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||
| ᩁᩢᩔ᩠ᨾᩦᨤᩰᩅᩣᩃᩮᨶ᩠ᨴ᩼ | 31±5 pm | ||||||||||||||
| ᩁᩢᩔ᩠ᨾᩦᩅᩯ᩠ᨶᨯᩮᩬᩥᩁ᩼ᩅᩤᩃ᩠ᩈ᩼ | 120 pm | ||||||||||||||
ᩈᩮ᩠᩶ᨶᩈᨻᩮ᩠ᨣᨴᩕᩢ᩠ᨾᨡᩬᨦᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶ | |||||||||||||||
ᨶᩲᩈ᩠ᨾ᩻ᩱ᩠ᨿᨲᩢ᩠᩶ᨦᨣᩮᩢ᩶ᩣᨡᩬᨦᨧᩢᨠ᩠ᨠᩅᩤ᩠ᩊ ᨻᩕᩰᨴᩬᨶ᩼ᨡᩬᨦᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨯᩱ᩶ᨠᩬᩴ᩵ᨠᩣᩴᨶᩮᩥ᩠ᨭᨡᩧ᩠᩶ᨶᨶᩲᩁᩉ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦᩅᩥᨶᩣᨵᩦᨴᩦ᩵ ᪁ ᩉᩖᩢᨦᨷᩥ᩠ᨠᨷᩯ᩠ᨦ᪩ ᨻᩣ᩠ᨿᩃᩪᩁᨾᩣᨳᩯ᩠ᨾᨷᩕᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ᩠ᨱ ᪃᪇᪀,᪀᪀᪀ ᨸᩦ ᨶᩲᩈ᩠ᨾ᩻ᩱ᩠ᨿᨡᩬᨦᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᩁᩦᨤᩬᨾᨷᩥᨶᩮᨫᩢ᩠ᨶ (recombination epoch) ᨧᩥ᩠᩵ᨦᨯᩱ᩶ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨭᩋᨴᩬᨾᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨴᩦ᩵ᨾᩦᨷᩕᨧᩩᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᨠᩖᩣ᩠ᨦᨡᩧ᩠᩶ᨶᨾᩣ ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᨴᩢ᩠ᨯᩅ᩵ᩤᨧᩢᨠ᩠ᨠᩅᩤ᩠ᩊᨯᩱ᩶ᩀᩮ᩠ᨶᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᩃᩫ᩠ᨦᩓᨽᩖᩣ᩠ᩈᨾᩣᨣᩴᨯᩱ᩶ᩀᩮ᩠ᨶᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᩃᩫ᩠ᨦᨻᩬᩴᨴᩦ᩵ᩉᩨ᩶ᩋᩥᩃᩮᩢ᩠ᨠᨴᩕᩬᨶ᩼ᨧᩢ᩠ᨷᨠᩢ᩠ᨷᨻᩕᩰᨴᩬᨶ᩼ᩀᩪ᩵ᨯᩱ᩶᪩[4] ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨪᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᨦᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᨵᩤ᩠ᨲᩩᩋᩃᩰᩉᨶᩲᩈᨽᩣᩅᨷᨠᨲᩥ ᩅᩮ᩠᩶ᨶᨲᩯ᩵ᩅ᩵ᩤᨾᩢ᩠ᨶᩀᩪ᩵ᨶᩲᩈᨽᩣᩅᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾᨯᩢ᩠ᨶᩈᩪᨦ ᩉᩖ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦᨠᩬᩴ᩵ᨻᩢᨶ᩠ᨵᨤᩰᩅᩤᩃᩮᨶ᩠ᨴ᩼ᨠᩢ᩠ᨷᩋᩃᩰᩉᨠᩮᩬᩨᨷᨩᩩᨲ᩠ᩅᩫ ᩓᩈᩫ᩠᩵ᨦᨹᩫ᩠ᩃᩉᩨ᩶ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨭᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᨠᩬᩴ᩵ᨲ᩠ᩅᩫᨡᩬᨦᩈᩣ᩠ᩁᨷᩕᨠᩬᨷᩀ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦᨶ᩶ᩣᩴᩓᩈᩣ᩠ᩁᩍᨶ᩠ᨴᩕᩦ᩠ᨿ᩼ᨴᩘ᩠ᩃᩣ᩠ᨿ᪩ ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨾᩦᨷᩫ᩠ᨴᨷᩣ᩠ᨴᨴᩦ᩵ᩈᩣᩴᨤᩢ᩠ᨬᨶᩢ᩠ᨠᨶᩲᨷᨭᩥᨠᩁᩥᨿᩣᨠᩕᩫ᩠ᨯ-ᨷᩮ᩠ᩈ ᨪᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨦᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨿᩈ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁᩉᩖᩣ᩠ᨿᨠ᩠ᨿ᩵ᩅᨡᩬ᩶ᨦᨠᩢ᩠ᨷᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᩃᩯ᩠ᨠᨸᩖ᩠ᨿ᩵ᩁᨻᩕᩰᨴᩬᨶ᩼ᩁᩉ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦᩈᩣ᩠ᩁᩃᩃᩣ᩠ᨿ᪩ ᨶᩲᩈᩣ᩠ᩁᨷᩕᨠᩬᨷᩋᩱᩋᩬᩴᨶᩥ᩠ᨣ ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᩉᩖ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦᩀᩪ᩵ᨶᩲᩈᨳᩣᨶᨴᩦ᩵ᨾᩦᨷᩕᨧᩩᩃᩫ᩠ᨷ (ᩋᩯ᩠ᨶᩋᩱᩋᩬᨶ᩼) ᨣᩤᨷ᩠ᩅᨠ (ᨤᩯ᩠ᨴᩋᩱᩋᩬᨶ᩼) ᨣᩴᨯᩱ᩶ᨴᩧ᩠ᨦᩈᩬᨦ᪩ ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᩋᩱᩋᩬᨶ᩼ᨷᩕᨩᩩᩃᩫ᩠ᨷᨧᩢᩁᩬ᩶ᨦᩅ᩵ᩤ ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩣ᩠ᨿᨯ᩼ (hydride) ᩓᨷᩕᨧᩩᨷ᩠ᩅᨠᨧᩢᨡ᩠ᨿᩁᨶᩲᩁᩪ᩠ᨷᩈᩢᨬ᩠ᨬᩃᩢᨠ᩠ᨡᨱ᩼ H+ ᨪᩮᩥ᩠᩵ᨦᨴᩦ᩵ᨴᩯ᩶ᩓ᩠ᩅᨾᩢ᩠ᨶᨣᩴᨤᩨᨻᩕᩰᨴᩬᨶ᩼ (ᩈᩢᨬ᩠ᨬᩃᩢᨠ᩠ᨡᨱ᩼ p) ᩉᩢ᩠᩶ᨶᩓ᪩[5]
ᨲᩣ᩠ᨾᨷᩅᩢᨲ᩠ᨲᩥᩆᩣᩈ᩠ᨲᩕ᩼ᩓ᩠ᩅ ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᨵᩤ᩠ᨲᩩᩁᩯ᩠ᨠᨴᩦ᩵ᩈᩘᨣᩕᩰᩬᩡᩉ᩼ᨡᩧ᩠᩶ᨶᨯᩱ᩶ᨶᩲᩈᨲᩅᩢᩔᨴᩦ᩵ ᪁᪆ ᨹ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨶᨷᨭᩥᨠᩥᩁᩥᨿᩣᩁᩉ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦᩉᩖᩮᩢᨠᩓᨠᩕᩫ᩠ᨯ᪩ ᩌᩮ᩠ᨶᩁᩦ ᨤᩣᩅᩮ᩠ᨶᨯᩥ᩠ᨫ (ᨷᩕᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ᩠ᨱᨸᩦ ᪁᪇᪆᪆ ᨳᩮᩥ᩠ᨦ ᪁᪇᪈᪁) ᨯᩱ᩶ᨻᩫ᩠ᨷᩅ᩵ᩤᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᩈᩣ᩠ᩁᩀ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦᨶᩧ᩠᩵ᨦᨲ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦᩉᩣ᩠ᨠ[6] ᩓᨣᩴᨸᩡᩅ᩵ᩤᨾᩮᩬᩨ᩵ᩋᨹᩮᩢᩣᨾᩢ᩠ᨶᩓ᩠ᩅᨧᩢᨯᩱ᩶ᨹᩫ᩠ᩃᨹ᩠ᩃ᩻ᩥᨲᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᨶ᩶ᩣᩴ ᨨᨶᩢ᩠᩶ᨶᨧᩥ᩠᩵ᨦᨲᩢ᩠᩶ᨦᨩᩨ᩵ᩈᩣ᩠ᩁᨶᩦ᩶ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᨽᩣᩈᩣᨠᩕᩦ᩠ᨠᩅ᩵ᩤ ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶ (hydrogen) ᨸᩖᩯᩅ᩵ᩤ « ᩈᩣ᩠ᩁᨠᩬᩴ᩵ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨭᨶ᩶ᩣᩴ » ᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨿ ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰ (hydro) ᨸᩖᩯᩅ᩵ᩤᨶ᩶ᩣᩴ ᩓ ᨩᩮ᩠ᨶ (gen) ᨸᩖᩯᩅ᩵ᩤᨠᩬᩴ᩵ᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨭ᪩
ᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᨹ᩠ᩃ᩻ᩥᨲᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨿ᩠ᨿᩮᩡᨯᩱ᩶ᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨿᩐᩣᨠᩣ᩠ᩈᨵᩢᨾ᩠ᨾᨩᩣ᩠ᨲᨾᩣᨹ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨶᨠᩕᨷ᩠ᩅᩁᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᨸᩖ᩠ᨿ᩵ᩁᨣᩕᩰᩫ᩠ᨦᩈ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦᨾᩰᩃᩮᨣᩩᩃᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨿᨶ᩶ᩣᩴ (steam reforming) ᨾᩦᩈ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁᩉ᩠ᨶᩬ᩠᩶ᨿᨴᩦ᩵ᨹ᩠ᩃ᩻ᩥᨲᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨿᩐᩣᨶ᩶ᩣᩴᨾᩣᨹ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨶᨠᩕᨷ᩠ᩅᩁᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᨿᩯ᩠ᨠᩈ᩠ᩃ᩻ᩣ᩠ᨿᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨿᨼᩱᨼ᩶ᩣ (electrolysis)[7][8] ᨲᩯ᩵ᩅᩥᨵᩦᨶᩦ᩶ᨩᩲ᩶ᨻᩃᩴᨦᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩢ᩠ᨠ᪩ ᨷᩕᨿᩰᨩ᩠ᨶ᩼ᩉᩖᩢᨠᨡᩬᨦᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨴᩣ᩠ᨦᩏᨲ᩠ᩈᩣᩉᨠᩢᨾ᩠ᨾ᩼ᨤᩨᨩᩲ᩶ᨠᩢ᩠ᨷᨠᩕᨷ᩠ᩅᩁᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᨷᩕᩯᩁᩪ᩠ᨷᨩᩮᩬᩨ᩶ᩋᨼᩱᨪᩣ᩠ᨠᨯᩧ᩠ᨠᨯᩣᩴᨷᩢᩁ᩠ᨻ᩼ ᨩᩮᩬᩨ᩶ᩋᩅ᩵ᩤ ᨠᩕᨷ᩠ᩅᩁᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᨿᩯ᩠ᨠᩈ᩠ᩃ᩻ᩣ᩠ᨿᨶ᩶ᩣᩴᨾᩢ᩠ᨶᨩᩮᩬᩨ᩶ᩋᨼᩱᨷᩯ᩠ᨷᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰ (hydrocracking) ᩓᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᨹ᩠ᩃ᩻ᩥᨲᩋᩯ᩠ᨾᨾᩰᨶ᩠ᨿᩮ᪩ ᨷᩕᨿᩰᨩ᩠ᨶ᩼ᨳᩯ᩠ᨾᩀ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦᨴᩦ᩵ᨠᩣᩴᩃᩢ᩠ᨦᨻᩢᨯ᩠ᨰᨶᩣᨡᩧ᩠᩶ᨶᨩᩲ᩶ᨤᩨᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᩐᩣᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨩᩲ᩶ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᨪᩮᩃ᩠ᩃ᩼ᨩᩮᩬᩨ᩶ᩋᨼᩱᨻᩮᩬᩨ᩵ᩋᨸᩖᩯᨦᨼᩱᨼ᩶ᩣᩓᩉᩨ᩶ᨻᩃᩴᨦᩣ᩠ᨶᨤ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨾᩁᩬ᩶ᩁ᪩[9] ᨿᩣ᩠ᨾᨾᩮᩬᩨ᩵ᩋᨩᩲ᩶ᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᨪᩮᩃ᩠ᩃ᩼ᨩᩮᩬᩨ᩶ᩋᨼᩱ ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᨧᩢᨸᩖᩬ᩠᩵ᨿᩋ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿᨶ᩶ᩣᩴᩋᩬᨠᨾᩣᨴᩮᩢ᩵ᩣᩋᩢ᩠᩶ᨶ[9] ᨲᩯ᩵ᨳ᩵ᩣᩅ᩵ᩤᨸᩮ᩠ᨶᨠᩣ᩠ᩁᨹᩮᩢᩣᩉ᩠ᨾᩱ᩶ᨣᩴᩉᩖ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦᨸᩖᩬ᩠᩵ᨿᩋ᩠ᩅᩣ᩠ᨿᩈᩣ᩠ᩁᩉ᩠ᨾᩪ᩵ᨶᩱᨴᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᩋᩬᨠᨪᩱᨯ᩼ (nitrogen oxides) ᨯᩱ᩶᪩[9] ᩌᩱᨯᩕᩰᨩᩮ᩠ᨶᩉᩖ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦᨠᩮᩥ᩠ᨭᨷᨭᩥᨠᩥᩁᩥᨿᩣᨠᩢ᩠ᨷᩃᩰᩉᨯᩰᩫ᩠ᨿᨿ᩠ᨿᩮᩡᩉᩨ᩶ᩃᩰᩉᨽᩬ᩠᩵ᨿᩓᨲᩯ᩠ᨠ (embrittlement) ᨯᩱ᩶᪩[9]
ᩉ᩠ᨾᩣ᩠ᨿᩉᩮ᩠ᨲᩩ
edit- ↑ ᩀ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦᨯᩱᨣᩴᨯᩣ᩠ᨿ ᨾ᩠ᩅᩁᩈ᩠ᩅ᩵ᩁᩉᩖᩣ᩠ᨿᨶᩲᨧᩢᨠ᩠ᨠᩅᩤ᩠ᩊᨷᩴᨾᩯ᩠᩵ᨶᩀᩪ᩵ᨶᩲᩁᩪ᩠ᨷᨡᩬᨦᨷᩤᩁᩥᩋᩬᨶ᩼ᨣᩤᨵᩤ᩠ᨲᩩᨥᩮᨾᩦ᪩ ᨹᩬᩴ᩵ ᩈᩈᩣ᩠ᩁᨾᩨ᩠ᨯ ᩓ ᨻᩃᩴᨦᩣ᩠ᨶᨾᩨ᩠ᨯ᪩
ᩋ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨦᩋᩥ᩠ᨦ
edit- ↑ "Dihydrogen". O=CHem Directory. University of Southern Maine. ᩃᩮ᩠᩶ᨾᨡᩬᩴ᩶ᨾᩪᩃ᩼ᨠᩮᩢ᩵ᩣᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨷᩃᩩᨠ ᨨᨷᩢ᩠ᨷᨯᩮᩥ᩠ᨾ ᨳᩮᩥ᩠ᨦ 13 ᨠᩩᨾ᩠ᨽᩣᨻᩢᨶ᩠ᨵ᩼ 2009. ᩈᩨ᩠ᨷᨪᩰᩬᩡᨾᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᩋ 6 ᨾᩮᩇᩣᨿᩫ᩠ᨶ 2009.
- ↑ "Hydrogen". Encyclopædia Britannica (ᨽᩣᩈᩣᩋᩢ᩠ᨦᨠᩕᩥ᩠ᩈ). ᩃᩮ᩠᩶ᨾᨡᩬᩴ᩶ᨾᩪᩃ᩼ᨠᩮᩢ᩵ᩣᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨷ ᩃᩩᨠᨨᨷᩢ᩠ᨷᨯᩮᩥ᩠ᨾ 24 December 2021. ᩈᩨ᩠ᨷᨪᩰᩬᩡᨾᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᩋ 25 December 2021.
- ↑ Boyd, Padi (19 July 2014). "What is the chemical composition of stars?". NASA. ᩃᩮ᩠᩶ᨾᨡᩬᩴ᩶ᨾᩪᩃ᩼ᨠᩮᩢ᩵ᩣᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨷ ᩃᩩᨠᨨᨷᩢ᩠ᨷᨯᩮᩥ᩠ᨾ 15 January 2015. ᩈᩨ᩠ᨷᨪᩰᩬᩡᨾᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᩋ 5 February 2008.
- ↑ Tanabashi, M.; et al. (2018). "Big-Bang Cosmology" (PDF). Physical Review D. 98 (3): 358. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001. ᩃᩮ᩠᩶ᨾᨡᩬᩴ᩶ᨾᩪᩃ᩼ᨠᩮᩢ᩵ᩣᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨷᩃᩩᨠ ᨨᨷᩢ᩠ᨷᨯᩮᩥ᩠ᨾ (PDF) ᨳᩮᩥ᩠ᨦ 29 June 2021 – via Particle Data Group]] at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Chapter 21.4.1 - This occurred when the age of the Universe was about 370,000 years.
(Revised September 2017) by Keith A. Olive and John A. Peacock. - ↑ Laursen, S.; Chang, J.; Medlin, W.; Gürmen, N.; Fogler, H. S. (27 July 2004). "An extremely brief introduction to computational quantum chemistry". Molecular Modeling in Chemical Engineering. University of Michigan. ᩃᩮ᩠᩶ᨾᨡᩬᩴ᩶ᨾᩪᩃ᩼ᨠᩮᩢ᩵ᩣᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨷ ᩃᩩᨠᨨᨷᩢ᩠ᨷᨯᩮᩥ᩠ᨾ 20 May 2015. ᩈᩨ᩠ᨷᨪᩰᩬᩡᨾᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᩋ 4 May 2015.
- ↑ Presenter: Professor Jim Al-Khalili (21 January 2010). "Discovering the Elements". Chemistry: A Volatile History. 25:40 minutes in. BBC. BBC Four. ᩃᩮ᩠᩶ᨾᨡᩬᩴ᩶ᨾᩪᩃ᩼ᨠᩮᩢ᩵ᩣᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨷ ᩃᩩᨠᨨᨷᩢ᩠ᨷᨯᩮᩥ᩠ᨾ 25 January 2010. ᩈᩨ᩠ᨷᨪᩰᩬᩡᨾᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᩋ 9 February 2010.
- ↑ Dincer, Ibrahim; Acar, Canan (14 September 2015). "Review and evaluation of hydrogen production methods for better sustainability". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (ᨽᩣᩈᩣᩋᩢ᩠ᨦᨠᩕᩥ᩠ᩈ). 40 (34): 11094–11111. Bibcode:2015IJHE...4011094D. doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.12.035. ISSN 0360-3199. ᩃᩮ᩠᩶ᨾᨡᩬᩴ᩶ᨾᩪᩃ᩼ᨠᩮᩢ᩵ᩣᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨷ ᩃᩩᨠᨨᨷᩢ᩠ᨷᨯᩮᩥ᩠ᨾ 15 February 2022. ᩈᩨ᩠ᨷᨪᩰᩬᩡᨾᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᩋ 4 February 2022.
- ↑ "Hydrogen Basics – Production". Florida Solar Energy Center. 2007. ᩃᩮ᩠᩶ᨾᨡᩬᩴ᩶ᨾᩪᩃ᩼ᨠᩮᩢ᩵ᩣᨠᩮᩢ᩠ᨷᩃᩩᨠ ᨨᨷᩢ᩠ᨷᨯᩮᩥ᩠ᨾ ᨳᩮᩥ᩠ᨦ 18 February 2008. ᩈᩨ᩠ᨷᨪᩰᩬᩡᨾᩮᩬᩥ᩵ᩋ 5 February 2008.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Lewis, Alastair C. (10 June 2021). "Optimising air quality co-benefits in a hydrogen economy: a case for hydrogen-specific standards for NO x emissions". Environmental Science: Atmospheres (ᨽᩣᩈᩣᩋᩢ᩠ᨦᨠᩕᩥ᩠ᩈ). 1 (5): 201–207. doi:10.1039/D1EA00037C.
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