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Timbuktu edit

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Timbuktu
city, urban area
Official nameTombouctou, تمبكتو  
Native labelTombouctou, تمبكتو  
DemonymTimbuctaniki  
CountryMali  
Capital ofAzawad  
Located in the administrative territorial entityTimbuktu Region  
Located in time zoneUTC±00:00  
Coordinate location16°46′24″N 2°59′58″W  
Significant eventlist of World Heritage in Danger  
Heritage designationWorld Heritage Site  
World Heritage criteriaWorld Heritage selection criterion (ii), World Heritage selection criterion (iv), World Heritage selection criterion (v)  
Category for mapsCategory:Maps of Timbuktu  
 


Timbuktu (/ˌtɪmbʌkˈtuː/ TIM-buk-TOO; French: Tombouctou; Koyra Chiini: Tumbutu; Tuareg: ⵜⵏⴱⴾⵜ, romanized: Tin Buqt) ya galʋ tẽng m'be Mali,tɩ a be kilometr pissi(12mi) rɩtgo baobgo ni Niger kʋɩga.Tẽnga n ya tẽng-zugu ni Tombouctou Region,tɩ a ya kadeng tẽnga n paasd a nii(8) Mali soolem pugin.A tara neb 54,453 sõdg n da sõd yʋʋmde 2009 wakat.[1]

Kibare edit

Timbuktu sɩnga mi n ya wakat-wakat la neb dag zĩi be hal tɩ a wa lebg tẽng tɩ neba pa zĩi be wakat fãa yʋʋmde kobre piig la a yiibu sẽn looga wakat.Tɩ a dag ya zĩig ning neb sẽn dag maane leebgo wakat ning Mansa Musa n dag kẽng be yʋʋmde 1325 wakat, Timbuktu kẽnga taoore ni yamsem kosgo,sãnem,ivory la yembse kosgo.Tɩ a wa yalg[2]

Belem-tɩɩse

1.Yʋʋre-bãngre

2.Rẽenem kʋdemde

3.Kʋdemde

4.Tẽng-baoosgo

  • Zĩ-kõbgo

5.Arzɛk koglgo

  • Yamsem leebgo
  • Koob tʋʋma
  • Yamleo-gõore

- Zaba

6.Nen-taoore yɛl-sɩngre

7.Bũmb bãngr la rog-mik

- Lislaam wẽns sul-dãmba zaba

8.Kaorengo

  • Zãmsg zĩiga
  • Sɛb-gʋndum la sɛb-koosg zĩisi*

9.Buud goama

10.Roto la soay maanego

11.Nin-bɛda

12.Neba fãa rog-n-miki

13.Twin towns - sister cities (Tẽms sẽn zem-taaba - Galʋ tẽms sẽn zem-taaba)

14.Ges-n-paasga

15.Sɛb-tũnugd bilgri

16.Goam-loeese

17.Sɛb-tikds sẽn zoe n tik ne sẽn na ka tiki

15.Kɛɛng tõkre

Yʋʋr-bãngre edit

Yʋʋm kobre sẽn looga, Timbuktu yʋʋra gʋlsg toeema wʋsgo-n yi ne Tenbuch sen be Catalan Atlas (1375),ne gõoda m boond Antonio Malfante's Thambet,tɩ a gʋlsa ne lɛtre yʋʋm 1447 la a me dik Alvise Cadamosto a gõob ne Cadamosto, ne Heinrich Barth's Timbúktu la Timbu'tu.France gʋlsg n yi ãndũni sebtɩɩse n ya ne Tombouctou.La German gʋlsg ya Timbuktu n leb ya Timbuktu.

Rẽenem-kʋdemde edit

Timbuktu dag ya kadeng leebgo suka yʋʋm 500 ne 1500AD wakat,Tɩ ya yʋgma lab tar n dag segd taaba n tekre yamsem ne Sahel Desert ramba ne sãnem, ivory la yembse n yi Sahel,tɩ na toog n ta Niger kʋlga.A nin-buiid(yʋʋm 2018 dag ya 32,640)tɩ dag ya 10,000 yʋʋm kobre piig la tãab(13) wakat,Tɩ b waooglem wa yik 50,000 yʋʋm kobre piig la a yoob(16) wakat hal tɩ wa tilg o b lislaamdo Université m boond University of Timbuktu,tɩ a wat ne lislaamdo bãngdba wʋsg lislaamdo ãndũni fâa.

Tẽng-baoosgo edit

Timbuktu be goabg baobg ne Sahara wã kilometr piig la a nu 15km (9.5 mi) m be rɩtgo baobgo ne Niger kʋlg kâsênga.Tẽnga koglga ne bĩis tãnga tɩ a soy fãa ya bĩisir. Kabara bato-yasg-zĩiga ya kilometr a nii 8km (5 mi) ne a goabg tẽnga la a soka ne kʋlga sore kilometr a tãab 3km (12 mi) ko-sora.

Arzɛk koglgo edit

Timbuktu arzɛk be a goabg baobg n ya tran-saharan leebgo.La masa,bumb ning o b tar m paame arzɛk beẽ ya yamsem kʋg o b sẽn yiisd Taodenni tuuba suka m'be Sahara wã suka tɩ a ya kilometr 664 (413 mi) m'be rɩtgo baobgo ne Timbuktu.La yʋʋm kobre pissi (20) wã suka,o b yamsem kʋga dag zilgra ne yʋgma bɩ azalai,tɩ a dag be Timbuktu sɩpaolg kiuug la tʋʋlg kiuug basgo.

Tẽms sẽn zem-taaba - Galʋ tẽms sẽn zem-taaba edit

Timbuktu wẽnda a:

Ges-n-paasga edit

Sɛb-tũnugd bilgri edit

Goam-loeese edit

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Sɛb-tikds sẽn zoe n tik ne sẽn na ka tiki edit

  • Barth, Heinrich (1857), Travels and discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a journal of an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H. B. M.'s government, in the years 1849–1855, New York: Harper & Brothers. Google books: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3. |internet Archive: Volume 3.
  • Caillié, Réné (1830), Travels through Central Africa to Timbuctoo; and across the Great Desert, to Morocco, performed in the years 1824–1828, London: Colburn & Bentley. Google books: Volume 1, Volume 2.
  • Cleaveland, Timothy (2008), "Timbuktu and Walata: lineages and higher education", in Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (eds.), The Meanings of Timbuktu (PDF), Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 77–91, ISBN 978-0-7969-2204-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2021, retrieved 29 April 2012.
  • Dubois, Felix (1896), Timbuctoo the mysterious, Tombouctou la mystérieuse.English.1896, translated by White, Diana, New York: Longmans, hdl:2027/mdp.39015008010343.
  • Hammer, Joshua (2016). The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-7743-6.
  • Hacquard, Augustin (1900), Monographie de Tombouctou, Paris: Société des études coloniales & maritimes. Also available from Gallica.
  • Heath, Jeffrey (1999), A Grammar of Koyra Chiini: the Songhay of Timbuktu, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 9783110162851.
  • Hunwick, John O. (2003), Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents, Leiden: Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-12560-5. ISBN 978-90-04-12822-4 (paperback) First published in 1999 as ISBN 90-04-11207-3.
  • Insoll, Timothy (2002), "The Archaeology of Post Medieval Timbuktu" (PDF), Sahara, 13: 7–22, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2012.
  • Insoll, Timothy (2004), "Timbuktu the less Mysterious?" (PDF), in Mitchell, P.; Haour, A.; Hobart, J. (eds.), Researching Africa's Past. New Contributions from British Archaeologists, Oxford: Oxbow, pp. 81–88, archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2012, retrieved 8 February 2011.
  • Jackson, James Grey (1820), An Account of Timbuctoo and Housa, Territories in the Interior of Africa By El Hage Abd Salam Shabeeny, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown.
  • Jeppie, Shamil (2008), "Re/discovering Timbuktu", in Jeppie, Shamil; Diagne, Souleymane Bachir (eds.), The Meanings of Timbuktu (PDF), Cape Town: HSRC Press, pp. 1–17, ISBN 978-0-7969-2204-5, archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2021, retrieved 26 February 2011.
  • Leo Africanus (1896), The History and Description of Africa (3 Vols), Brown, Robert, editor, London: Hakluyt Society. A facsimile of Pory's English translation of 1600 together with an introduction and notes by the editor. Internet Archive: Volume 1, Volume 2, Volume 3
  • Medupe, R.T.; Warner, B.; Jeppie, S.; Sanogo, S.; Maiga, M.; Maiga, A.; Dembele, M.; Diakite, D.; Tembely, L.; Kanoute, M.; Traore, S.; Sodio, B.; Hawkes, S. (2008). "The Timbuktu Astronomy Project". In Holbrook, J.; Medupe, R.T.; Urama, J.O. (eds.). African Cultural Astronomy. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 179–188. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6639-9_13. ISBN 978-1-4020-6639-9.
  • Miner, Horace (1953), The primitive city of Timbuctoo, Princeton University Press. Link requires subscription to Aluka. Reissued by Anchor Books, New York in 1965.
  • Park, Douglas (2010), "Timbuktu and its prehistoric hinterland", Antiquity, 84 (326): 1076–1088, doi:10.1017/S0003598X00067090, S2CID 161730981.
  • Park, Douglas (2011). Climate Change, Human Response and the Origins of Urbanism at Prehistoric Timbuktu (PhD). New Haven: Yale University, Department of Anthropology..
  • Saad, Elias N. (1983), Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-24603-3.

Kɛɛng wila edit

  • Timbuktu – World History Encyclopedia
  • Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Timbuktu" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 981–983.
  • Jeppie, Ahamil "A Timbuktu book collector between the Mediterranean and Sahel", Video of a presentation given at the conference The southern shores of the Mediterranean and beyond: 1800 – to the present held at the University of Minnesota in April 2013.
  • Ancient West Africa's Megacities on YouTube – contains video footage of Timbuktu's Iron Age occupation
  • Islamic Manuscripts from Mali, Library of Congress – fuller presentation of the same manuscripts from the Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library
  • Green, Jonathan (24 November 2022). "S2 07 - Timbuktu - a true story" (audio (30 mins)). ABC Radio National. Return Ticket. Features interviews with Cynthia Schneider and Manny Ansar, co-directors of the Timbuktu Renaissance, and Lazare Eloundou Assomo, director of UNESCO World Heritage

Timbuktu materials in the Aluka digital library

  • Timbuktu manuscripts: Africa's written history unveiled, The UNESCO Courier, 2007–5, pp. 7–9
  • Ancient chroniclers of West Africa's past; journeys of discovery through the 'country of the black people', The UNESCO Courier, October 1959
  • Timbuktu on Global Heritage Network – early warning and threat monitoring system for endangered cultural heritage sites
  • Presentation showing images of Timbuktu
  • ArchNet.org. "Timbuctu". Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013.
  1. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20110722215701/http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/Tombouctou.pdf
  2. ↑ https://doi.org/10.5195%2FJWSR.2001.166
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