Salaade yaa tɩɩg sẽn yit Asteraceae zakã pʋgẽ. Naoor wʋsgo, b kood-a-la wa tɩɩg sẽn tar vãad n womdẽ, la wakat ninga, b kood-a-la a kõbrã la a bõn-buudã yĩnga. B nong n maanda lampo, la b tõe n dɩ-a-la rɩɩb a taab pʋgẽ me, wala makre, lampo, sandwiise, la lampo. B maanda bõn-buud a ye, n boond tɩ celtuce. Sẽn paase, a leb n tara tũudmã la tɩpg yõodo. Sɩngrẽ wã, Erop ne Etazĩni n da mi n koosd lamdo, la yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã saabẽ, b ra lebga lamdo. Yʋʋmd 2017 wã tɛka, dũniyã gill zugu, b ra yiisda lamdo la sikõri sẽn ta ton milyõ 27, tɩ bãmb 56% yita Sɩngrẽ.[1]
| Subclass of | useful plant, vegetable  |
|---|---|
| Has use | activated charcoal, leaf vegetable |
| Short name | L. sativa |
| Taxon name | Lactuca sativa |
| Taxon rank | species |
| Parent taxon | Lactuca |
| This taxon is source of | iceberg lettuce, lettuce, Lactuca sativa var. capitata, Lactuca sativa var. crispa |
| Award received | Vegetable of the year |
| Hardiness of plant | 2 |
| Taxon range | Beijing, People's Republic of China, Fujian, Guangdong |
| Taxon author citation | L. |
| GRIN URL | https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=21360 |
Pĩnd wẽndẽ, Ezipt nebã n da kood lamdo, n kɩt tɩ b lebg rɩɩb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg tɩ b kood a vãadã sẽn yaa sõma wã yĩnga. Gɛrk rãmbã ne Rom dãmbã me ra nonga lamdã. Yʋʋmd 50 wã sẽnese, b wilga yam-vɩɩs buud toor-toore, la yam-vɩɩs n da wae n be sɛb nins b sẽn da gʋlsd tẽn-kʋdem wẽndẽ wã pʋsẽ, tɩ tɩɩs wʋsg me be be. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 16 n tãag a 18 soabã, buud toor-toor n zĩnd Europe, la yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 18 soabã sʋka, b wilga buud toor-toore, tɩ b ket n tõe n yã-ba rũndã-rũndã zẽedã pʋse.[2]
Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b kood-a-la yʋʋmd fãa, la a pa toog ye. A tõe n paama bũmb wʋsg sẽn pa tar yõodo, la bõn-vɩɩs la bõn-yũudl sẽn wat ne bãase. A L. sativa tõe n sega buud a ye pʋgẽ la ne buud a taab sẽn be Lactuca buudẽ wã nana-nana. Baa ne zẽed-pʋgdbã sẽn baood n na n kogl bõn-buudã, rẽ tõe n yɩɩ toog ne-ba, la bãngdbã tũnugda ne-a n paasd b sẽn tõe n bãng n bãng n bãng tɩ b sã n na n kogl-a, a na n yɩɩ sõma.
A tara vitamini K la vitamini A wʋsgo, la a tara folaat la zom wʋsgo. B sã n wa ning-a wã, a tõe n waa ne bãas wala E. coli la Salmonella.
Sɩngre
Salaade sativa yaa Lactuca (sãn-fõog bɩ aster) buudã la Asteraceae (sãnfõog wall aster) zakã neda.[3] B pipi n bilg bõn-buudã yʋʋmd 1753 t'a Carl Linnaeus wilg a Plantarum buud-goamã sebr a yiib-n-soabã pʋgẽ. B sẽn boond tɩ L. sativa wã yaa Lactuça scariola var. sativa,[4] la L. scariolavar. integrata la L. sariola var . integrifolia.[5] L. scriola yaa L. serriola, sẽn yaa bõn-buuda sẽn yaa toor ne bõn-buudu, la bõn-buida sẽn yaa toor-toorã.
Rom dãmba ra boond-b lame tɩ lactuca (la latɛn gomdã pʋgẽ sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "dõogã"), sẽn dat n togs tɩ yaa bõn-bil sẽn yaa pemse, latex sẽn yit ne b sẽn tigs-a wã. B pʋd-b lame t'a Lactuca wã yaa buud yʋʋr la b pʋd-a lame.[6] B pʋd-a-la ne gom-biig ning sẽn yit Rom gomdã pʋgẽ.
Romã gomdã yita roog sẽn da yaa roog sẽn dag n yaa roog ning sẽn da be Romã pãensã pʋga, la a Cos, sẽn yaa gom-biig a to sẽn dat n yeel Romã roog sẽn yaa roogã, yita roog ning b sẽn da boond tɩ Kos sẽn yaa Gɛrk tẽn-bilã sẽn da yaa b sẽn da tar roog sẽn boond tɩ roogã.[7]
Dɩlla la d sẽn tõe n bãng bũmb ning sẽn be Biiblã pʋgẽ wã
Lactuca sativa yaa Lactuca (sãoor) buud la Asteraceae (sãn-vɩɩm bɩ aster) zakã ned.[8] A Carl Linnaeus sẽn wilg tɩ b ra pa tar b rũmsã n na n yã b rũms-rãmbã ye, a wilgame tɩ b ra yaa b rũms nins sẽn be zĩig ningã.[9] B sẽn boond tɩ L. sativa wã yaa Lactuca scariola var. sativa,[10] L. scariola var. integrata la L. scariola var. A ye yaa a ye.[11] A L. scariola yaa a sẽn boond tɩ L. serriola, sẽn yaa zĩ-tẽng la sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ lalatã. [12] L. sativa tara logtoob wʋsg sẽn yaa taksonomik sull dãmba, b sẽn boond tɩ lagem-n-tɩrsã la b sẽn boond t'a lagem-no-rãmba.[13] Lactus yaa buud toor-toor sẽn yit Azi-dʋʋg-dʋʋgã sẽn beẽ. Lactus buud toor-toorã yaa buud a ye sẽn yaa toor-toore.[14]
Rom dãmba ra boond-b lame tɩ lactuca (lactum sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "tõogã" Latinẽ wã), sẽn yaa bũmb ning sẽn yaa pemsem, latex sẽn yit ne b sẽn tigs-a wã. Lactuca yʋʋr lebga buud yʋʋr la a Sativa (tõnd sẽn dat n yeel tɩ "bõn-buudã" bɩ "b sẽn yidg-a wã") sẽn na yɩl n naan rog-n-tɩrs yʋʋr. La gom-biig ning sẽn yaa lettuce wã yita pĩnd-n-taarã Fransẽ wã, n yit Rom yʋʋrẽ. [15] Romã gom-biigã yita roog sẽn da yaa roog sẽn dag n yaa roog ning sẽn da be Rom tẽnga pʋga, la a gom-biig a to sẽn yaa cos wã yita roog ning b sẽn da tar n naan lebg a roog sẽn yaa roog a to wã. A gom-biig ning sẽn yaa cos yita roog a ye sẽn da be Gɛrk tẽng ning sẽn boond tɩ Kos wã.
B sẽn wilg tɩ b yaa
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A sẽn be tẽngã pʋgẽ wã bee ne zĩ-kãnga n sɩng ne Mediterane n ta Sibɛɛr, baa ne a sẽn kẽng dũniyã zĩis wʋsg pʋsẽ wã. Bãadã sẽn yaa kãn-kãe wã yaa ne b sẽn tar n tar n tar tɩgã.[16] Bãagã yaa toor-toore, sẽn yɩɩd fãa yaa vãad la miuug la b yaa toor-toor. [17] B leb n tara buud toor-toor ne sãnem, sãnem bɩ zũnd-zũnd vãadã. [18]
B sẽn naan n naan n naan tɩ b lebg n naan n lebg n naan tɩ yɩ b sẽn naan n maan to-to wã, b tõe n paama b toor-toorã.[19] Bãadã tara yẽgre, tɩ yẽgã yaa kãsenga, la a sã n yaa bilf bɩ a yaa a yiib-n-soaba. Neb kẽer sẽn be Etazĩni la Erop tẽnsẽ wã, b sã n wa tarẽ, b sãnda yaa wa b sẽn tarẽ wã, la b sãnda sẽn yaa wa b sãnda. B sã n wa tar b toor-toor n be Azi wã, b tõe n paama b toor-toorã.[20]
Sẽn yaa to-to ne bõn-buudã la yʋʋmdã wakate, sãtã vɩɩm yaa rasem 65-130 ne tɩg n tãag bõn-buudu. Sẽn yaa kɩt tɩ bõn-naands nins b sẽn yi n dat n dɩ wã pa le tõe n yɩ sõma, b pa basd tɩ b bɩ n bɩ ye. La a sã n wa be t'a sãnemã yaa wʋsgo, a sãnemã sã n wa boogdẽ, a sãnda yaa wʋsgo.[21]
B sã n wa n loog n loog n na n dɩtẽ, b bɩɩsdda b tɩl-bẽed sẽn tar n ta m 1 n tar tɩl-dãmb sẽn yaa kẽem ne b sãnem. Wala buud ning sẽn boond tɩ Cichorieae wã neb a taabã, b maanda bõn-buud toor-toor sẽn tar sãnem (b sẽn boond tɩ tɩ tɩr-bõoneg bɩ tɩr-buud) tɩ b naag ne bõn-buudu toor-toor. B fãa tara bõn-buuda sẽn yaa toor-toorã sẽn boond tɩ pappus (b sẽn lebg tɩr-toorã) sẽn yaa tɩr-goamã "paar-buudg", la b tara bõn-bõod a nu sẽn naag ne ligul bɩ bãnd n tar rogem. Woto wã yaa ne a meng meng-mengã sẽn yaa bĩng sẽn yaa b sẽn naan yɩll ne a taab n paas a taab sẽn yaa bẽng sẽn yaa a taab n yaa bĩnd sẽn yaa b taab n yaa a taab. Sã n yaa ne a piisã sẽn yiisd bugum, b modgdame tɩ bA sẽn maan woto wã kɩtame tɩ b tõe n yiis b bugumã pʋgẽ.[22][23] Bãad-n-tɩrsã yaa bõn-naandb sẽn yaa wa rã-yũud sẽn yaa wa b sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa n pa pakd b mens ye, la b yaa n tar a sẽkã sẽn yaa milimɛtɛɛr 3 bɩ milimɛtɛr 4 n ta. A biisã tara rẽnna-rãmb a nu-n-soabg zug n yaa a yiib n yaa bĩis-bils a yiib sẽn yaa pemse. A paabã ket n be a biis fãa zug n maand tɩ b sãame. Bõn-buud a yembr fãa tara bõn-buud sẽn yaa kʋdga, kẽem, sãnem bɩ bug-brɩgo, sẽn ya ne sãt buud fãa.[24]
Yʋʋm kobs pʋsẽ, sãtã sẽn lebg bũmbu wã kɩtame tɩ b toeem b toor-toorã: b pa tar tɩbgr ye, b bʋdg n bʋddd tɩbgr la b pa tarẽ, b yũuda sõma, b tara sũ-noog n paase, b pa tar zũnd sẽn yaa sõma ye, la b tara sãt-toorã sẽn yaa toor-toore. Sẽn sɩng ne rũndã-rũndã, tʋʋm-kãens ket n yaa sõma hal tɩ ta rũndã-rũndã. Sãan tusda bãngd sẽn kẽed ne sãtã sẽn tar b zʋgo wã wɛɛngẽ, n ket n maand b sẽn maan b sẽn na n maan b sẽn tõe n maan b zʋgo n tõog n kʋ kʋ kʋ kʋɩl-tɩrsã, n tõog n zab ne bõn-kʋdgdbã la fõndbã, la b maan b sẽn pa tõe n kʋɩl tɩ b kʋɩl n kʋɩ ye. La rũndã-rũndã, b pa tũnugd ne bõn-naandb sẽn yaa b toor-toore n tʋmd koodã ye.[25]
Kibsa
B ra rɩtda bur-yũudg ne b koodã n yiisd kaam Ezipt tẽngã pʋgẽ. Yaa vẽeneg tɩ Ezipt nebã ra rɩta bõn-buudã n naan tɩ b yi n dɩ a sãnemde, la b wilgame tɩ b bɩɩsa-a yʋʋmd 2680 sẽn deng Kirist wakatã.B ra getame tɩ b ra yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn yaa Wẽnnaam a Min sẽn maand tɩ b rogd kamb n paasã, la b ra zãad-b-la a kibsã sasa, n ningd-b a wẽn-naandsã sɛɛgẽ. B ra tagsdame tɩ tɩɩgã sõngda Wẽnnaam t'a "kẽng a yoobã ne a sũur fãa". [26] A sẽn da tũnugd ne-a n maand tũudum yɛl pʋsẽ wã kɩtame tɩ b maan bõn-naands wʋsg yaoodẽ la wall-gãosgo.B ra yetame tɩ b ra tara bõn-buud-kãng sẽn da tar a woto wã sẽn da tar samd a yembr n wõnd Rom soolmã sẽn yaa to-to wã. Yaa Ezipt nebã n da yiisd laleg-kãensã n tɩ kẽ Gɛrk rãmbã nengẽ, tɩ Rom nebã me paam-b lame. Yʋʋmd 50 soabã poor, Rom tẽnga siglgã siglgã sigr a Columella wilgame tɩ b ra tara sor n naan naan lebg n lebg sor n lebg sor sẽn yaa to-to rũndã-rũndã.
Bõn-kãens b sẽn gʋls yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a taabã pʋsẽ, b gomda tɩɩm yelle. A Hildegard sẽn da be Bingen wã goma a sẽn gʋls tɩɩm-kʋdgã wɛɛngẽ wã yʋʋmd 1098 n tãag 1179, la pĩnd wẽndẽ tɩɩm-buuddb wʋsg me goma a sẽn tõe n maan to-to wã yelle. Yʋʋmd 1586 wã, a Joachim Camerarius wilga taab taab taab sẽn naan naan naan wa b sẽn naan naan wa n naan wa b naan wa b maan wa b sẽn da boond tɩ "salatã" wã. A wilga taab sẽn naan wa n yaa "salatɩ" toɛy-toɛyã. A wilga rẽ tɩ yaa "salata sẽn yaa to-to wã", "salata wã sẽn yaa toɛy-tĩnd ne a sãtgã", la "salata a sẽn yaa toay ne a Romã (sẽn yaa cos) wã la b ra gomda woto. A Christophe Colomb n wa n tall-a Amerik tẽnsẽ wã yʋʋmd 1500 wã.[27][28] Yʋʋm kobs 16 soabã saabẽ la yʋʋm kobs 18 soabã sɩngrẽ, b bɩɩsa buud toor-toor wʋsg Erop, sẽn yɩɩd fãa Holland. Sebr nins sẽn yi b sẽn da yiis yʋʋm 18 soabã la yʋʋm 19 soabã sɩngrẽ wã wilgda buud toor-toor sẽn be zẽedẽ wã rũndã-rũndã.
Sẽn yaa lebend ne a yõor sẽn yaa bilfu, sẽn wa n wa n wa paam-a wã, b ra koosda a sãt zĩig ning b sẽn da wubd-a wã. Yʋʋm kobs 20 soabã sɩngrẽ, b le paama b sẽn na n dɩkd b sẽn na yɩl n tall b sẽn tõe n tall b tɩbse, b sẽn na ne b sẽn na to-to n tall b rãmbã. [ tɩbsg sẽn tog n yɩgse ] Yʋʋm 1950 wã pʋgẽ, b kɩtame tɩ b yiisd sa-laase, la b yiisd a sa-laas sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond tɩ "vacuum cooling", sẽn kɩt tɩ b tõe n wa kɩt tɩ sa-laasa wã lebg ko-laase la b pak a sẽn da yaa wa b ra paagã pʋgẽ.[29]
A yaa nana tɩ b yi, la a yaa bõn-buud wʋsg sẽn tall bõn-buudu. Sẽn na yɩl n bãng buud toor-toor sẽn zĩnd wakat ningã, yaa toog ne kom-bɩɩs wʋsg sẽn toeem b yʋʋre yʋʋmd fãa. B maanda woto ne bʋʋm toor-toor, sẽn yɩɩd fãa yaa sẽn na yɩl n paas koosmã, n paas "paalg" buud toor-toorã, wall sẽn na yɩl tɩ ra yɩ vẽeneg tɩ b bãng tɩ yaa ned sẽn da tʋmd ne a taabã n yiisd bõn-buudã ye. Yʋʋm 19 soabã saabẽ wã, b wilgame tɩ b paama yʋʋm 65 n tãag 140sã n yaa ne buud toor-toor sẽn yaa ne lalatã, sẽn yaa toor ne sẽn yaa ne buud toɛy-toɛyã sẽn yaa toɛy-tũusgo, sẽn yaa to-to ne lalat toor-toɛtã sẽn da be wã sẽn yaa ne n yɩɩd 1,100 wã sẽn da be sokrã zug wakat kãnga. Tẽns a taab pʋsẽ, b pʋdga b yʋy wʋsgo. Baa ne sãn-tõnd sẽn yaa b sẽn yiidã fãa sẽn yaa b tɩɩsã, b tũnugda ne b sẽn yaa b rãmb sẽn pa tar tabã wã, b yaool n maand n yiisd-a. La sãn-to-bãmba sẽn yaa b roagdb wã me yiisda seb-tõnda sẽn wõnd tabã.
Bãagrã
Yʋʋmd fãa, sã n yaa sõma, sã n ya roog sẽn yaa kãsenga, sã n be zĩig sẽn yaa zãad ne sãnem, sã n wa be zĩig sẽn ya kãsenga, b tõe n dɩka sãnem n tɩgã. [26] B sã n dat n tigs-b-la b sãnem-n-tɩrsã, b sãnda b sẽn tigsd-b-yã. B sɩngda sãt-tõnd-rãmbã ne b b sẽn yaa b toor-toorã, n yaool n dɩk-b tɩ b rɩk b toor-toor n tɩ dɩk b toor- toorẽ wã. B sã n pa tar zĩ-zãnd n paasdẽ, b paamda wĩntoog vẽenem wʋsgo, tɩ kɩt tɩ b sãn-gãongã sã n wa tar sãnem la b rɩtgã paasdẽ. Laas sẽn yaa wa sẽn yaa wa sãnem, wala sẽn be a zʋʋg-bɛd kẽer pʋsẽ wã, tara nafa wʋsgo. [18
La a sã n be wĩntoog sẽn be zĩig ningã, a sã n tar a pH sẽn be sʋka, a sãnda a sẽn tar azoto. Laasã sẽn yaa kãsenga, a sã n wa be zĩig sẽn zãag ne ko-kãnga, a tõe n yɩɩd n yɩɩg a 24 °C. La a sã n yaa ko-kãsenga, a tõeeme n yɩɩg n yɩɩg ne a 7 °C. [30] Roog nins sẽn be zĩ-kãense, b sã n get tɩ b zĩndi, b na n yɩɩg-b lame. La sã n yaa tʋʋlg sẽn yɩɩd °C 27 (81 °F) na n kɩtame tɩ sãn-soorã pa le yaa sõma, bɩ b pa le yaa sõama ye. [30] Sẽn paase, sã n wa paam tɩ b tigim-a, a sã n tall a tʋʋlg n pa ta °C 32 wã, a ket n tar koom sẽn yaa no-koɛɛg n yɩɩd a taabã. Saadã sẽn tar koom wʋsgo (94,9%)b pa tõe n ningd-a, b pa tõe ne a meng n kõ-a, la b segd n dɩ-a lame. [31] Baa ne koom sẽn yaa kãseng a pʋgẽ wã, sãt sẽn yaa b sẽn da yet tɩ b bɩɩsd-a wã pa tar koom wʋsg ye. Koɛɛg ning b sẽn naanã yaa litr 237 (52 imp gal; U.S. gal 63) ne koom sẽn zems kilogram a yembr fãa. [32] Zĩigã sẽn tar koomã tõe n boogda koomã yũubã ne ko-kãseng sẽn yɩɩd a yiib.
B sã n pa tar bõn-buudã, b na n zãaga b toor-toor n tɩ loe ne b toor-toorã. Laasã me na n yɩɩg Lactuca serriola (sẽn yaa rũng rũng rũmbu), tɩ bõn-buudã na n yɩɩga tɩɩg sẽn tar vãad sẽn yaa kãn-kãe la sẽn yaa wa sãnemã. Kɛltse, sẽn yaa sãt buud sẽn yaa Azi wã n yaa b sẽn yiidã, yaa nana ne sãt sẽn yaa b vãadã. [18] La sẽn yaa woto wã kɩtame tɩ b rɩkd b buud toor-toor n paas b rog-n-tɩrsã. Sẽn sɩng ne 1990 wã, b sɩngame n naag ne bõn-buud sẽn tar zood sẽn zãre, wala L. tatarica. [33]
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B sã n pa tall bõn-buudã, b pa tõe n tall-b ye. B sã n tall-ba, b pa tar-b ye.[1] Sẽn na yɩl n tõog n paam tɩ b lebg b toorẽ wã, b tõe n dɩka sẽk kiuug bilf bal n pa le tar ye. La sã n wa paam tɩ b tall bõn-buud nins b sẽn tigs b sẽn pa yã wã, b tõe n dɩka yʋʋm 500 n paam tɩ b paam tɩ b lebg zʋʋg sẽn yaa zʋʋg n pa tar ye. La b sã n pa tigs b bõn-buudu tɩ b lebg n tɩgs ye, b tõeeme n dɩka yʋʋmd 3400 n paam tɩ zʋʋg-buudã lebg zʋʋga.[34]
Rɩt-rãmbã
Rɩt-rɩt-n-tɩrs buud toor-toor la b tõe n dɩk n dɩ. Yaa buud a tãabo: sebre, zut la kos bɩ rɔmã. [30] Bãagrã buud toor-toor yaa nu, la b fãa yaa buud toor-toore:
•Sebre - B boond-a me tɩ sebre, sẽn kẽed ne sebre, la sebre, la sebre yaa sebre la b plant n yɩɩd.[35] A yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "saloog" wã.[31
•Romã/Cos - B tũnugda ne-a wʋsg saladã la sendviizã pʋgẽ, n maand tɩ b gãneg-a n ya gãnd n ya gãnda. [31] Yaa yaa yaa yaa yaa la yaa la yaa a sẽn tũnugd ne a wʋsg ne sãt-tõnd sẽn boond tɩ Caesar saladã pʋgẽ. [24
•A Zĩ-zĩ-zẽn-kãsenga yaa ro-rom sẽn yaa gãn-kãnga, sẽn nong wʋsg Etazĩni. [36
•A Aysberg/Crisphead - Yaa a sẽn yaa a sẽn nong wʋsg Etazĩni wã. A Aysberg salatã yaa bũmb sẽn pa tar pãng wʋsg ne soogã. A Burpee Seeds and Plants ra lugla a sẽn da be Etazĩni rɩtgẽ wã n dat n tɩ bɩɩs-a. A sẽn da tar a yʋʋr ne a sẽn da tall-a wã kɩtame t'a lebg wa sãnem-kẽeng sẽn yaa wa sãnem. [37] Rũndã-rũndã, a yaa sõma, la a tara yũ-noogo, la a ka tar rɩɩb wʋsg ye. A yaa koom sẽn yɩɩd sãt buud a taabã. [31]
•B sẽn boond tɩ "Boston" bɩ "Bibb" salatã, la sẽn yaa toor ne b sẽn boond tɩ b sẽn boond t'a "round lettuce" wã, yaa salatã buud sẽn tar vãad sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond-a tɩ "butterhead" wã.[35][38] [31
•A yaa b sẽn boond tɩ "Batavian" bɩ "French crisp" wã. B sẽn naan n naan n naan tɩ b lebg b sẽn naan n dɩt-b wã, b yaa gãndb la b pa tar b sẽn tõe n dɩt ye. [35
•Kɛltse/Stem - B bɩɩga bõn-buudã sẽn yaa a bõn-buuda, la pa a vãadã yĩng ye. B rɩt-a-la Azi wã wã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa yaa Sɩni wã, la b rɩt-b-la ne bur la crème. [31
•Rõog-rõog-kãnga - B bʋt-a lame tɩ b paam tɩ b yãk raog sẽn yaa b sẽn dat n dɩtẽ. A tara vãad bilf la a yikda tao-tao la a kõt bõn-buud sẽn yɩɩd a taab buud fãa ne pis-naase. [39
•Laas sẽn tar vãad sẽn yaa miuug - Laas buud toor-toor sẽn tar vãs sẽn yaa miuugu.
B boond-b lame tɩ "kẽmb" la "kẽmba", bala b zut yaa bilf la b yaa wa koob n yɩɩd Romã sẽn yaa b sãbgã. [40
Rɩt-yã-yã
Bõn-buudã sẽn pa tar tɩɩm tõe n kɩtame tɩ b yĩm tɩ b pa le tar tɩɩm ye. B sẽn nong bõn-buud wʋsg yaa sãt, sẽn tar n dat n yeel tɩ b kẽed ne bõn-buudu, tɩ b tigimd b tɩɩsã n bas b zĩ-gãongã; b sẽn dat n kɩt tɩ b tɩɩsã lebg sãnemse; b sẽn tar tɩbse, tɩ b tɩɩsã lebg sãnemde; b sẽn get tɩ b sãtgã yaa sãnemse, tɩ fʋʋsã yaa sãnemde, tɩ b sãnemdgã yaa sãn-gãong la b sãnemde. b sẽn get t'a sãn-kãsemdã yaa sãnem-green bɩ sãnemdeb sẽn yaa b sẽn yaa wa b sẽn yaa to-to wã, b sẽn yaa laad-dãmb, la b sẽn yaa yaa b sẽn ya b sẽn yaa n yaa to-tõnd dãmba, la b yaa b sẽn tar b sẽn yaa tɩrsã. Wala makre, tãb-bi-bees sẽn yaa tãb-bees la b sẽn boond tɩ tãb-bõonegã yaa bõn-naand sẽn yaa wa b sẽn boond-b tɩ tãbb-beese.[30] Sẽn yaa pʋɩ-tẽeda, sẽn tar n be tãnsã la tãnsã wã me rɩta tɩɩsã. Bõn-buudã tara bũmb wʋsg sẽn sõngd tɩ b kogend-a ne bõn-wẽnsã. Rɩt-rãmbã kẽer tara bõn-naands wʋsg n yɩɩd a taabã, la b maana b bãngrã n wilg tɩ b ra tõe n dɩka bõn-naandb nins sẽn pa tar-b n tar-b tɩ b tõe n dɩgsd-b n dɩgs-b n kõ-b b rɩɩbã.[31]
La bãag wʋsg n namsd a ye, tɩ yaa bãag sẽn yaa kãsenga, sẽn wat ne sãnem, la sãnemã, la a mog-rãmbã, sẽn wat n yalg ne a bẽedã, n kɩt tɩ tɩɩsã bɩʋʋg pa le paasdẽ la a sãnemã pa le paasd ye. Aster yellow wã yaa bãag-dãmb sẽn wat ne bãag-n-taagã sẽn wat ne vãad-n-tɩrsã sẽn wat n kɩt tɩ b vãadã lebg wẽnsã. Fong bãas yaa fõnd sẽn yaa pulgr la fõnd n yaa fõnda, tɩ kɩt tɩ fẽnda wã wa n kʋ, tɩ b yĩm n kʋ, la b yĩm ne fõnda. Baktɛɛr bãagã yaa Botrytis cinerea, tɩ b tõe n tũnug ne UV-C tɩbsg: Vàsquez et al. 2017b yãame tɩ fẽyilanin amoniyak-yẽg tʋʋmde, fẽnolik siglgã siglgã siglg la B. cinerea sẽn pa tar pãng wã paasda ne UV-C. [32] Laad sẽn yaa wʋsg n be wã tõe n kɩtame tɩ bãad-wẽns la bãad-wɩɩs kẽed ne-a. Zĩigã tõe n yɩɩ yell me, bala, sã n bʋgdẽ, b pa tõe n tõogd ne-b ye. Laag sẽn da bĩngd (b sẽn sɩng ne b sẽn pa tar bĩng n yaool n kẽng n tɩ rɩ) sɩngrẽ wã, yaa sõma tɩ b tõog n maan yɩɩre, la wakat ning fãa, b tõe n wa n wa n yɩɩgame, n kɩt tɩ b lebg n paame, tɩ b womd-b sõma. Zĩigã me yaa bõn-kʋdgd la bãagã zak la tõe n kɩtame tɩ b paam n pa le yãgd ye.[33] B tũnugda ne kʋɩlen-yũudb wʋsg n zab ne zũud-n-tɩrsã. La rẽ kɩtame tɩ b tõog n yiis bõn-buud sẽn pa tar tɩb sẽn pa tar kʋɩl-kɛgdo.
Tʋʋmdã
Yʋʋmd 2022 soabã pʋgẽ, b sẽn boond tɩ salate wã b sẽn yiisd dũniyã gill zugã taa ton milyõ 27, la yaa Sɩne wã bal n yiisd ton milyõ 55 (table).
Laatɩ wã yaa Lactuca buud a ye tãa sẽn tõe n paam tʋʋma. 46] Baa ne Sɩna sẽn yaa tẽn-gãongã sẽn yaa seb-bɛd n yɩɩd fãa wã, b rɩta seb-kãnga wʋsg tẽngã pʋgẽ.
Zĩis nins b sẽn getã
Erop yaanga la Amerik rɩtgã ra yaa tẽn-bɛd sẽn da tar ko-bõones n na n yiis salɛt wʋsgo. Yʋʋmd 1900 wã sẽnese, Azi, Amerikdisiid, Ostrali la Afirik ra lebga tẽn-kãsemse. Zĩis toɛy-toɛyã ra nong n dɩka zuloees buud toor-toor n yɩɩda. Wala makre, Burkĩna Faso, Erop rɩtgo, Romã sẽn be Mediterane wã, la Siin ne Ezipt. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã saabẽ wã, b sẽn da nong n boond tɩ salaatã sɩnga toeengo. Wala makre, b ra nong n boond-a lame tɩ crisphead, sẽn yɩɩd fãa iceberg, la b ra nong n boond-a tɩ salaatã sẽn be Erop rɩtgã la Gãrãnd Bertayn soolmẽ wã. Etazĩni wã pʋgẽ, b ra pa tar buud a ye n yɩɩd hal tɩ ta yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 20 soabã sɩngrẽ, wakat ning b sẽn wa n sɩng n boond tɩ salate wã. Yʋʋmd 1940 wã loogr poore, b sẽn wa n na n wa ne salɛt ning b sẽn boond tɩ "iceberg" wã, salɛt ning b sẽn kood la b rɩt Etazĩni wã 95 wã fãa ra yaa salɛt sẽn tar biisi. Yʋʋm kob-gĩndẽ wã saabẽ, buud a taab n wa n lebg n tar pãnga, n wa n lebg n tar pãng n yɩɩd koobã fãa. 47 B sɩngame n na n maan-a Sɩne, tɩ b ket n maand-a be. [ 48]
Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 21 soabã sɩngrẽ, b ra yiisda bĩis n maand saladã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Etazĩni, b sẽn da tõe n ning-a-la bĩis-rãmb n tall-a n wa n tall-a n kaoosã yĩnga. 49][50][51]
Sãan yaa ne Etazĩni yʋʋm 2022 soabã, salɛtã ra yaa bõn-bɩʋʋng ning sẽn be salɛtẽ wã, la ra yaa bõn-bɩʋʋng ning b sẽn da rɩt n yɩɩda. A ra yaa bõn-bɩʋʋng sẽn tar koob sẽn ta 20% la Romã ne iceberg ra koosda taaba. 50] Sẽn zems 85% salɛtã b sẽn dɩ Etazĩni wã yʋʋmd 2022 wã yaa sẽn yiis b tẽngẽ wã. [ 50]
B sẽn tũnugd ne to-to
Rɩɩb la rɩɩb b sẽn segend
Wala b sẽn wilg yʋʋmd 50 soabã sẽnese, Rom nebã ra rɩta b sẽn da ningd-b tɩbsg ne kaam la vinɛgr n dɩtẽ. La wakat ninga, b ra rɩta b sẽn da rɩt-b tɩbsg nins sẽn da yaa bõonegã. A Domitien naamã sasa, sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋmd 81 n tãag yʋʋmd 96 wã, b sɩngame n na n wa rɩt zʋʋg-n-basã nand tɩ b rɩ. Rom-rãmbã loogr poore, Erop nebã ra ket n baoodame n na n paam tɩ b yõg-b tɩ b wa rɩ-ba, la b ra rɩkd Rom-rãmbã buud n maand b sẽn da maandã, n ningd kaam la vinɛg sẽn yaa rã-bɩll b vãadã zugẽ. 10]
Rũndã-rũndã, b sẽn tar-a wã wʋsg yaa a vãadã yĩnga, la b tar-a-la b sẽn na yɩl n paam a tɩɩgã, la b tar-a a yagensã yĩnga, tɩ b tõe n dɩk n maan kaam. [ 22] B rɩkda salɛtã n maand salɛtã, a yembr bɩ ne tɩɩs buud a taabã, ko-biisi, nemd la zũud a taaba. B nong n tũnugda ne Romã salɛt n maand Sezaar salɛtã. B leb n tõe n dɩka salte wã sɛb n maan supã, la b rɩt-a n wa rɩ, la b rɩt-a t'a yaa toor-toore, la b rɩt-a n wa rɩ. 11]
B sẽn dɩt-a Zĩina pʋgẽ wã yaa toor ne Zĩina tẽnsẽ wã, tɩ yaa bãan sẽn tõe n wa ne laafɩ wã yĩnga, la b sẽn pa rat n dɩt-a wã yĩnga. Zĩina "salats" yaa zẽ-vãadã b sẽn mi n segendẽ la b kõt-b ne tʋʋlgo bɩ ne waoodo. B leb n tũnugda ne letusã n maand rɩɩb buud toor-toore, n yɩɩd tẽns nins sẽn be yaangã, n sõngd ne rɩɩb buud toor-toore, wala zũnzũri la nemd rɩɩbo, sup la rũm-bõoneg sẽn ka be b toore, bɩ sẽn naag ne tɩɩs buud a taab me. B rɩt-a-la sãan bɩ b rɩt-a lame, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b rɩt-a-la suusẽ la b rɩt-a-la tɩ b rɩt-a. 48] B leb n tũnugda ne letusã wa bũmb ning b sẽn tũnugd ne n segend letusã supã.
Rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma
Sull sẽn pa rɩk yaa ko-miis 96%, ko-miid 3%, la a pa tar proteẽ la zõos wʋsg ye (table). Ne 100 gram, salɛt sẽn yaa wa zũud sẽn tar nugu, a kõt-d-la kalori 14 la a yaa vitamin K (20% bɩ sẽn yɩɩd daar fãa laloa wã) zĩig sẽn yaa sõma wʋsgo, la a pa tar mikronutrient a taab wʋsg ye (table).
B sẽn boond tɩ Romã (sẽn boond me tɩ cos) sẽn yaa salɛt buud sẽn tar vãad sẽn yaa goosneerã, b sẽn tar vιtamin A wã yaa wʋsgo, bala b tara provitamin A sẽn boond tɩ béta-karotẽ wã. 31] Bõn-buud nins sẽn yaa vɛɛs-vɛɛs-vɛɛs me tara kalsiyum la kut sẽn zems wʋsgo. 31] B sẽn tõe n dɩg-a wã yaa a sẽn tar bĩis la a sẽn tar bĩis n kõt-a rɩɩb sẽn tar yõodo, tɩ mikronutrientã be a vãadẽ wã. 31]
Rɩk-n-mikã bãase
B sẽn boond tɩ listeria monocytogenes wã yaa bã-rãmb sẽn yit rɩɩb pʋgẽ, tɩ b tõe n vɩɩmd tɩ b pa rɩ-ba. Baasg zãnga, baa ne b sẽn mik tɩ b tara bãktiris wʋsg sẽn be lekollã pʋgẽ wã, vaeesg sẽn maan yʋʋmd 2008 wã wilgame tɩ bã-rãmb sẽn yit rɩɩbẽ pa zĩnd listeriosẽ wã ye. Tõe tɩ yaa bõn-kãng sẽn pa kaoosã yĩnga, tɩ b mik tɩ b mikame tɩ mikroflõrã yaa wa listeriya bãktirisẽ wã, bɩ tɩ b gɩdga bãktirisã tɩ b ra wa ne listeriosẽ wã ye. 54]
Bõn-vɩɩs a taab me sẽn be salɛtẽ wã yaa Aeromonas buud sẽn pa tar lagem-n-taar ne bãag buud fãa; Campylobacter buud sẽn wat ne campylobacteriosis; la Yersinia intermedia la Yersinia kristensenii (Yersinia buud) sẽn be salɛtẽ wã. 55] Salmonella bãakteriya, sẽn kẽed ne Salmonella braenderup buud sẽn pa wae wã, leb n wa ne bã-kɛgeng sẽn kẽed ne salɛtã. [ 56] B yãame tɩ bãag sẽn boond tɩ hépatite A, calicivirus la bãag sẽn wõnd a Norwalk be salɛtã pʋgẽ. B leb n wilgame t'a tõe n waa ne yĩns bãag wala Giardia lamblia. [ 55]
B wilgame tɩ ko-bɛɛg n wa ne bãag E. coli O157:H7 la Shigella. B tõe n tɩpame tɩ yaa ne rũms bɩ ninsaalb kõom la b paam bãaga. 58] Kẽer vaeesg sẽn maan yʋʋm 2007 wilgame tɩ b sẽn dɩkd b sẽn boond tɩ vacuum cooling to-to wã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn kẽed ne salɛtã tʋʋm-noor sẽn be Kaliforni wã, paasda E. coli O157:H7 wã yõodo. 59] Siãnsã vaeesg sẽn tũ ne tẽn-kɩremsã koom sẽn paam tɩbsg wa kooma sẽn na yɩl n kõ Romã kooma wilgame tɩ kooma, kooma, la tẽn-gãongã rẽgemd ne E. coli[58] la AP205 bacteriophage (sẽn tũ ne vaeesdbã wa sẽn na n yɩll n kõ bãas sẽn kẽed ne bãasã), ra yaa sẽn zems ne bõn-vɩɩs kãensã sẽn be kooma pʋgẽ wã. 60]
Sẽn nan yɩll tɩ rɩɩbã ra yɩ sõma wã yĩnga, b rɩkda ko-zĩis nins sẽn be koomã pʋgẽ wã n zãgsd koomã, la b rɩkd rũmsã bɩ ninsaalb bõn-yoodã (sẽn dat n yeel tɩ zũnzũri, bɩ bõn-tõodã) n manegd tẽngã. 61] Woto, bãas nins sẽn yit rɩɩbẽ wã me yaa woto. Sẽn nan yɩll n kɩt tɩ b rɩk bãas-vɩɩs n paas koodã pʋgẽ, bãas-vɩɩs nins sẽn pa tõe n tall bãas-vɩɩs n tõog n zab ne bãasã sõor tara paasgo, [1] bãmb sʋka, a yembr yaa AR E.coli, b sẽn yã-a tɩ b zãgs-a ne ko-zĩis sẽn yaa rãamã. [2] 63]
Bãng-y tɩ bãas nins b sẽn yã salõ wã pʋgẽ wã pa be salõ wã bal ye. (Bãng-y tɩ E. coli buud kẽer tara lagem-n-taar ne Romaine). La sẽn yaa toor ne b sẽn mi n dɩt-a wã, b rɩt-a lame t'a ka rɩke, tɩ rẽ kɩt tɩ bãas nins sẽn yit rɩɩbẽ wã yaa wʋsg n yɩɩd la b namsd neb wʋsg n yɩɩda. 64]
Sebtiisi
- ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/grilledlettucewithgo_14300
- ↑ http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130616211830/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a679/lactuca-sativa.aspx
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130616211830/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a679/lactuca-sativa.aspx
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=eAyNxv2I1LoC&q=lettuce+leaf+color+range&pg=PA28
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=eAyNxv2I1LoC&q=lettuce+leaf+color+range&pg=PA28
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050116/http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/7216.pdf
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20111025171631/http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=36607
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.5519%2Fqwv6u7j5
- ↑ http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/kew-in-depth/difficult-seeds/species-profiles/lactuca-sativa/index.htm
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120608120552/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LASA3
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120605153004/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=LASE
- ↑ http://www.ars-grin.gov/misc/mmpnd/Lactuca.html
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20160723001748/https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHSYoqY-AwC&pg=PA157
- ↑ https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7/page/300
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130616211830/http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/gardens-gardening/your-garden/plant-finder/plant-details/kc/a679/lactuca-sativa.aspx
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210520044644/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAyNxv2I1LoC&q=lettuce+leaf+color+range&pg=PA28
- ↑ http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-528.html
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210520044644/https://books.google.com/books?id=eAyNxv2I1LoC&q=lettuce+leaf+color+range&pg=PA28
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120717013724/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-528.html
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120619050116/http://ucanr.org/freepubs/docs/7216.pdf
- ↑ http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1993/v2-528.html
- ↑ http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1
- ↑ http://www.kew.org/science-research-data/kew-in-depth/difficult-seeds/species-profiles/lactuca-sativa/index.htm
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120511202430/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/65.lettuce.html
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1LAiPylZm4C&q=lettuce+in+egyptian+ritual&pg=PA95
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120322151027/http://www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/month/lettuce.html
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210928054449/https://books.google.com/books?id=DxrMm9lMFUAC&q=Christopher+Columbus+lettuce+new+world&pg=PA313
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20130615003744/http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repositoryfiles/ca1011p3-64576.pdf
- ↑ https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-2670
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20131019193634/http://www.reeis.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/198636.html
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scienta.2018.02.057
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20120707190840/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r441700111.html