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Sõngr sẽn yaa zaalem n yit Wikipedia pʋgẽ.

banana
fruit
Subclass ofberry, tropical and subtropical fruit, fruit, tropical fruit Tekre
Coloryellow, green, brown, purple Tekre
Natural product of taxonMusa × paradisiaca, Musa, Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, banana tree Tekre
Hashtagbanana Tekre
Unicode character🍌 Tekre

Banande bɩɩ yab-biig yaa tɩɩs sẽn tar sẽkã, la neb tõe n dɩta la me. Tẽns kẽer pʋsẽ, b tõe n boonda banan nins b sẽn dɩkd n dɩtẽ tɩ "plantains", n welg-b ne banan nins b sẽn dɩkd n dɩtẽ wã. Bõn-buudã yaa toor-toore, la b neebã yaa toor-toore, la b yaa kʋɩlse, la b yaa kʋɩlse. Bõn-buudã bɩtame n sigd tɩɩgã zugu. Sẽn kolg rũndã-rũndã wã, b sẽn tõe n wãb sãnem sẽn ka tar bõn-buudã (parthenocarp) fãa yaa sãnem buud a yiibu: Musa acuminata la Musa balbisiana. Bõn-bɩʋʋng wʋsg b sẽn koodã yʋʋr yaa Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, la Musa × paradisiaca sẽn yaa Musa acuminata × M. balbisiana wã, tɩ zems ne b genomã sẽn yaa to-to wã. B pa leb n boond-a tɩ Musa sapientum ye.[1]

A Musa buud fãa yita Indomalaya la Ostrali wã, la b tõeeme tɩ b reng n zãmsa-a Guinée-Nouvelle.[1] B kood-b-la tẽns 135 pʋsẽ, [2] sẽn yɩɩd fãa b biisã yĩnga, la sẽn yaa bilf n na yɩl n maan pemsem, rãam sẽn yaa sãnem, la sãnem rãamã, la wa bõn-buudu. Yʋʋmd 2017 wã pʋgẽ, ãnduni wã ne Siini wã n da yaa tẽn-bɛd nins sẽn da yiisd rãamã n yɩɩd dũniyã gill zugu.[3]

Dũniyã gill zugu, ned pa tõe n welg "baane" ne "baane" ye. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Amerik la Eropã, "banã" yaa sãnem, la sẽn yaa noog n yɩɩd fãa, sẽn yaa bõn-buud sẽn yaa sõma. Etazĩni, yʋʋm 2019 soabã, banans-kãense, ne b zɩɩmã, yaa biis nins b sẽn dɩt wʋsg n yɩɩdã. 8] Sẽn yaa lebend ne rẽ, b boondda Musa tɩɩs nins sẽn tar biis sẽn yaa kãn-kãe la sẽn tar sɩt n yɩɩd tɩ b boond tɩ "plantain". Tẽns a taab pʋsẽ, wala sẽn be Azi soolmẽ wã, b koodame la b rɩt sãnem buud toor-toore, tɩ rẽ kɩt tɩ b pa tõe n welg sãnem buud toor-toore, la b pa maand rẽ buud-goamã pʋsẽ ye.[4]

B leb n tũnugda ne gom-biig ning sẽn yaa "banana" wa tɩɩs nins sẽn womd biisã yʋ-peellã.[5] Rẽ tõe n kẽe Musa buud a taab me, wala makre, sãnem-pẽnga (Musa coccinea), sãnem-pẽnga (Musa velutina), la Fe'i sãnem-pẽnga. A leb n tõe n goma Ensete buud neb yelle, wala wa lampo (Ensete glaucum) la lampo (Ensete ventricosum) sẽn yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn tar yõod wʋsg. Zĩ-kãnga fãa bee sãnem buud a Musaceae pʋgẽ.

B sẽn wilg tɩ b yaa

A sẽn yaa ti-bila

Bãanã tɩɩgã yaa tɩɩg sẽn tar tɩɩs sẽn yaa kãsenga. [1] Bãanã tɩɩgẽ wã sẽn be tẽng zug wã fãa bɩtame ne bũmb b sẽn boond tɩ "grã-gãong". [1] Bãadã yaa nin-tũusds la b yaa gãnd n wõnd tɩɩs. La sẽn wõnd yaa gãagã yaa "pa-tɩrga" bɩ "pa-tõog" ye. Bãanã bɩdda zĩ-bɛd toor-toore, sã n yaa zĩ-bɛdã sẽn tar sãnem sẽn yɩɩd santimɛtɛɛr 60 bɩ fut 2,0 n ta zĩ-bɛda, la sã n yaa sõma n ta zĩiga, b tõe n dɩka-a lame. A tara koom sẽn yaa sõma la a pa tar koom sẽn yaa kãn-kãe ye.[2] Bãanã tɩɩs yaa tɩɩs nins sẽn bɩ tao-tao wã sʋka.

Bãanã tɩɩs vãadã yaa bãnd (petiole) la b tãnd (lamina). A gãagã nugã yaa kãsenga, n lebg gãagã, la gãagã sẽn yaa kãsenga yaa gãagã. Yaa bõn-kãng bal n sõngd tɩ b bɩɩsd bõn-kãng. B sã n wa naan n naan-a, a na n yɩɩ wa b sẽn naan n naan n naanã. Sẽn wa n wa n yaa wa b sẽn da tar b sẽn dat n yãag b mens n paasã, b sã n wa paam n yãag-a, b pa tõe n yãag a to ye. Bãana tɩɩs nins b sẽn bɩɩsdã yaa toor-toore, tɩ b zutã fãa yaa toor-toor ne b buud toor-toorã la b sẽn wubd to-to wã.

Dãm-d-la-la-yã

Wala bõn-vɩɩs nins fãa sẽn be tẽngã zugã, sãn-bɛɛnd nins sẽn tar potasiyɔmã yiisda radioaktivite sẽn yaa bilfã. A yaa potasiyɔm-40 (40K, K-40), sẽn yaa potasiyam izotop a ye. B yãka balãndã sẽn yaa balãnd n kõ-a t'a yɩ zãmsg tʋʋm-teed sẽn na yɩl n zãms nebã sẽn yaa bũmb sẽn yaa toor fasɩ, sẽn yaa bilf K-40 sẽn be ninsaal fãa pʋgẽ la rɩɩb nins sẽn yaa to-to wã pʋgẽ.

K-40 sẽn be banana pʋgẽ wã yiisda bequerel 15 bɩ mikrosevert 0.1 (rɩd-kɛgendã sẽn yaa radioaktivite wã)[1] yaa ligd sẽn pa paasd yĩn-wɩsgrã sẽn yaa to-to wã sẽn yaa sõma wã sẽn paamd sã n dɩka banana wã.

Etymology

B tẽedame tɩ gom-biig ning sẽn yaa "banã" yita Afirik Wɛtgã, tɩ tõe n yaa Wolof ramb goamã gom-biig banaana, la yuura tũ Spanish bɩ Portugees goam n kẽ Angletɛɛr pugẽ.

Bãngr-goama

Bãnã yaa tɩɩg sẽn tar vãad n tar vãad n yɩɩd tɩɩg a taabã fãa.[6] Bãanã tɩɩg babs nins fãa sẽn be yĩngrã yita bũmb b sẽn boond tɩ corm pʋgẽ. Bõn-buudã nong n yaa wogd la b tar pãng wʋsgo, n wõnd tɩɩse, la bũmb ning b sẽn get wa tɩɩg gãongo, sɩd yaa bõn-buud b sẽn boond tɩ pseudostem sẽn naag ne vãad la mo-moos wʋsgo (petioles). Bãannã bɩta zĩig buud toor-toore, sã n yaa tɩ zemsa ne a woglem sẽn ta santimɛtɛɛr 60 la a zãad sõma. B yaa tɩɩs sẽn bɩt tao-tao, tɩ b bɩt wakat fãa tɩ ta metr a 1.6 daar fãa.[7]

Bãan tɩɩgã vãad yaa vãad sẽn tar bũmbu (petiole) la bũmbu (lamina). Bõn-buudã yẽgr yalgdame n lebg gãongo, tɩ b gãongo wã sẽn yaa gãongo wã kɩtd tɩ b boond tɩ pseudostem, tɩ yaa bõn-buudã yẽgre. B sẽn wa n na n maan-a pipi wã, a sẽn be zĩig ningã no-rɩkda taaba, tɩ kɩt t'a lebg wa peen-bilã. Wakat ning b sẽn na n wa lebg nin-paalsã, b na n kɩtame tɩ b sẽn be zĩig ningã welge. Bãanã tɩɩsã zãntlem yaa toor-toore, tɩ zems ne b buud-goamã la b sẽn tar zĩig ningã. Sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b zãntlem taa metr a 5, n sɩng ne 'Dwarf Cavendish' sẽn ta metr a 3, n tɩ ta 'Gros Michel' sẽn ta metr a 7 bɩ sẽn yɩɩd woto.[8][9] A vãadã yaa zũnd-zũnd n tõe n ta metr a 2 la pʋɩ-sʋka.[10] Bãan tɩɩg sã n bɩt n bɩtẽ, a pa le ningd vãad ye, la a sɩngda fɩɩgr bɩ fɩɩgr n wat ne fɩɩgr bɩ fɩɩgr sẽn tar biisi. A wat n yaa wa bõn-yɩgdga, n yik n be a pʋgẽ n zãad a tɩɩgã, hal t'a wa puk a zugẽ wã. B sẽn boond tɩ "banã sũurã" wã yaa bũmb a ye bal la b sẽn boond tɩ "pãntãn-dãmbã". B sã n wa paam biisi, b kiidame, la b sã n wa paam biisi, b na n yikame n lebg bõn-biis sẽn pa kiid ye. Bõn-vɩɩs nins sẽn be bẽd-n-bẽdã sʋka, yaa bõn-vɩɩs wʋsg sẽn wõnd peen-vɩɩs sẽn be bẽd-n-bẽd sʋka. Bõn-buud nins sẽn yaa pagbã (sẽn tõe n wa lebg biisi) be-b-la b sẽn sigl sor-sor sẽn yaa zãr ne rao wã. Kẽengã yaa sẽn pa ta a taabã, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ tɩɩsã vãad-bõonesã la tɩɩsã bil a taabã bee a to wã.[11]

Bãanã biis yita bĩisimẽ wã, tɩ b boond-a tɩ kãn-kãe, tɩ b sẽn boond tɩ nug-rɩtgã yaa sull a wɛ, tɩ b tõe n tall biis 20 nug-rɩtg pʋgẽ. Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, b tõe n yeelame tɩ bãngr-gomdã fãa tara kilo 22 la kilo 65 (49-143lb).[12]

B yeelame tɩ biis-kãng yaa wa b sẽn boond t'a "biis sẽn tar gãndgo".[13] Yaa koglg sẽn be yɩngã (a peel bɩ a yĩn-gãong) sẽn tar zuloees wʋsg sẽn yaa wogdo, sẽn yaa zuloees (Vascular bundles), sẽn be zuloeesẽ wã ne yĩn-gãongã la b sẽn tõe n dɩ wã sʋka. Zĩig ning sẽn be-a pʋgẽ wã tõe n welga zĩis a tãab sẽn zems ne karpell a tãabã sẽn be b pʋgẽ wã, n kɩt tɩ b sã n na n maan woto, b na n wẽnemd tɩɩgã biisi.[14] B sẽn tar buud-goam nins sẽn be koodẽ wã, b wae n pa tar bõn-buud sẽn tõe n wom biis ye.[15][16]

Vɩɩm paalgã

Phylogeny

Yʋʋmd 2011 wã, b vaeesame n bãng tɩ Musaceae wã yaa buud sẽn yaa to-to. Bãngr-gomd ning sẽn yet tɩ b tõe n wãb ko-bɩɩsã fãa wã bee ne gʋlsem sẽn yaa gãeese.[17]






A Li ne a tʋmd-n-taasã tʋʋm yʋʋm 2024 wã wilgame tɩ M. acuminata sull a tãab sẽn yaa sspp. banksii, malaccensis, la zebrina, sõngame tɩ b tõog n kɩt t'a Ban, Dh, la Ze subgenome wã lebg tãnsob-n-soodsã sẽn be tãnsob-n-soodsã pʋgẽ wã.[18]

Taxonomy

Kibar a to: Bãannã buud sõor

 
Musa 'Nendran' cultivar, grown widely in the Indian state of Kerala

A Carl Linnaeus n naan Musa wã yʋʋmd 1753.[19] B tõe n dɩka yʋʋr ning sẽn yit a Antonius Musa sẽn da yaa a Augus tãnsoab logtorã nengẽ, bɩ a Linnaeus tõe n dɩka arab gom-bil ning sẽn yaa mauz n lebg banana. A musa wã sɩngre tõe n yɩɩ Trans- New Guinea buud-goamẽ, sẽn tar gom-biis sẽn wõnd "#muku"; be wã, b ra rɩkda a yʋʋrã n dɩk n ning Austrones buud-goamẽ wã la Asia soolmẽ wã, n yãagd banana wã koodã, b sẽn wa n tall-a n kẽng zĩis a taabẽ wã, ne India Dravid buud-goamẽ wã, n kẽes-a Arabic buud-goamẽ wã wa Wanderwort.[20] B tẽedame tɩ gom-bil ning sẽn yaa "banana" yita Africa tẽmsẽ, tõe tɩ yaa Wolof gom-bil ning sẽn yaa banaana, la a kẽe English ne Spanish bɩ Portuguese.[21]

A Musa yaa buud sẽn be Musaceae buud pʋgẽ. APG III siglg ning sẽn get Musaceae wã kẽeda Zingiberales sullã pʋgẽ, sẽn yaa commelinid wã sẽn yaa monokotiledõ wã. Yaa yʋʋm 2013 yʋʋm-vẽkr kiuugã la b bãng tɩ Musa buud 70 n be dũni wã pʋgẽ.[22] B kẽer womda biis sẽn tõe n dɩ, tɩ kẽer me be tɩ b kood-b wa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn be yãnde.[23]

Bãngdb nins sẽn get bõn-buud nins b sẽn tar n get b sẽn tõe n yãk b to-to wã yellã sɩng n yaa zu-loɛɛga. A Linnaeus sɩng n pʋɩ-a-la buud a yiibu, sẽn tikd ne b sẽn tũnugd ne-a wã bal wa rɩɩbo: Musa sapientum sẽn yaa rɩ-noodã la Musa paradisiaca sẽn yaa plantã. B paas-a-la buud toor-toor yʋy n paase, la b wilgame tɩ manesem kãngã pa sek buud toor-toorã sõor sẽn yaa to-to buud-gomdã sẽn yaa to-to wã wɛɛngẽ, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ sẽn be Asia soolmã sẽn be goabg la tẽn-sʋk babgã pʋgẽ wã. B kõo buud-gom-kãensã yʋy wʋsgo, tɩ b wa bãng tɩ b yaa gom-yɛng-yɛng bala.[24]

A Ernest Cheesman wilga seb-bɛd sẽn yi yʋʋmd 1947 wã pʋgẽ tɩ Linnaeus Musa sapientum la Musa paradisiaca ra yaa bõn-buud buud toor-toor sẽn yit we-rũng pʋgẽ, Musa acuminata la Musa balbisiana, a Luigi Aloysius Colla sẽn yɩ pipi n bilg a yiibã. A Cheesman yeelame tɩ b yiis a Linnaeus sẽn da gʋls tɩ b na n welga bũudã n welg-b ne buud a tãab sẽn yaa toor-toore. Yaa buud nins sẽn tar Musa balbisiana wã, sẽn tar Musa acuminata wã, la sẽn tar a yiibã fãa.[25] A Norman Simmonds ne a Ken Shepherd sẽn yaa vaeesdbã wilga genome-based nomenclature system yʋʋmd 1955. Segl-kãngã kɩtame tɩ b tõog n menes zu-loees nins fãa sẽn da be b sẽn da sõdgd bãnã n tikd b sẽn da kõt buud nins b sẽn koodã yʋy tɩ zems ne b bãngrã. Baa ne rẽ fãa, goosneema kẽer ket n sak n deegame tɩ yaa b yʋy la b sẽn da gʋlsã, tɩ rẽ kɩt tɩ nebã pa wʋmd b võor ye.[26]

Sebr ning b sẽn boond tɩ siãnsã yʋy n kõ bũud wʋsg yaa Musa acuminata Colla la Musa balbisiana Colla sẽn yaa b yaab buudã, la Musa × paradisiaca L. sẽn yaa bãmb b yiibã zamaanã.[27]

Bãngr-gomd a ye sẽn pa wõnd a taab sẽn tɩ loe ne zũudã yaa tɩ kloroplast DNA wã yaa ma wã n dogend-a, tɩ mitochondrial DNA wã yaa ba wã n dogend-a. Woto sõngdame tɩ b bãng b sẽn tõe n maan to-to n bãng buud toor-toor la b sẽn tõe n maan to-to n bãng b to-to.[28]

Sõs-kasẽng sẽn pa tũ ne noy

Tẽns wala America rɩtgã la Europe, b tõe n welga Musa biis nins b sẽn koosdã tɩ b lebg "banã" sẽn tar yũ-noogo, b sẽn dɩt-b wa rɩ-noodo, b sã n wa bɩ tɩ yɩ rɩ-noodo, la "banã" sẽn tar yũ-noodo, bɩ b sẽn tõe n dɩt-b wa rɩ-noodo, tɩ pa tɩlae tɩ b yɩ bɩʋʋng ye. A Linnaeus maana welgr kãnga, a sẽn wa n na n kõ a Musa yʋʋre.[29] Bãanã buud b sẽn boond tɩ "plantain subgroup" wã neba, sẽn tar yõod wʋsg wa rɩɩb Afirica dugrã la Latin America, zemsa ne bilgr kãngã, b sẽn tar bi-bɛd sẽn tar no-kãsems wʋsgã yĩnga. A Ploetz ne a taab wilgame tɩ b yaa " sɩd-sɩd " plantains, sẽn yaa toor ne banan-dãmb a taab b sẽn tõe n dɩ.[30]

Afirica disiĩn sẽn be yaangã pʋgẽ, b rɩta bãnãn sẽn yit Afirica disiĩn sẽn be yaangã babg a to pʋgẽ.[31] Sẽn paase, ko-koaadb nins sẽn be Kolombi wã bɩtda buud toor-toor sẽn yaa toor-toore, n yɩɩd ko-koaadb nins sẽn tar teed wʋsg n koodẽ[32] wã, la Asia Sidʋr-rɩtgã sẽn yaa ko-koaadbã la ko-koaadbã zĩisẽ wã, welgr ning sẽn be "ko-koaadbã" la "ko-koaadbã" sʋkã pa tʋmd ye. B rɩta bãn wʋsg sẽn pa rɩke, wall b sẽn segl-b to-to. Bãng-y tɩ b sã n na n dɩ-a t'a pa rɩge, a pa na n yɩ wa b sẽn dɩt-a t'a pa rɩ ye. Zĩ-kãsemsã la b neeremã yaa toor-toore, n yɩɩd b sẽn tar bɩ b sẽn koosd Afirica, Europe bɩ America.[33] Asia soolmã goabg-n-soabg babgã buud-goam pa welgd "bananas" ne "plantains" wa b sẽn maand ne English ye. Woto, b boonda Cavendish wã ne Saba wã tɩ pisang Malaysia la Indonesia, kluai Thailand la chuối Vietnam.[34] B sẽn boond tɩ Fe'i wã yaa b sẽn kood la b rɩt Pacific tẽn-kɩremsã pʋsẽ, la b yita we-rũng buud a to pʋgẽ. B rɩta Fe'i banana wʋsg n dɩ, la b rɩta Karat banana, sẽn yaa bils la sẽn gãneg ne gãndg sẽn yaa miuug sẽn yaa vẽenegã, n dɩt-a t'a yaa toor-toore.[35]

Bãngr-goama

Sẽn sɩng ne Asia tẽn-kɩremsã sẽn be goabg la rɩtg babgã, b lebga b sẽn da kood n dɩtẽ n yɩɩd n paas b sẽn da kood n dɩtẽ n paas b sẽn da koodẽ wã.[36][37]

B sẽn wa n kẽesd bõn-kãens tẽn-kʋdemdã pʋgẽ wã kɩtame tɩ b wa boond-b masã tɩ plantain-rãmb hakɩka, tɩ bãmb sʋka, b boond tɩ Afirik Dĩm-pãng-soabg babs-rãmb la plantain-rãmb sẽn be mogrã noore (Iholena la Maoli-Popo'ulu). Afirik-rɩtg tẽn-gãonga sẽn be tãensã tẽngẽ wã bõn-buud sẽn yit tãensã sẽn kẽed Madagaskaarã, tõe tɩ yaa sẽn yit Java, Borneo, la New Guinea soolmẽ wã. La b sẽn kẽed ne Pacific plantains n kẽed Pacific tẽn-kɩremsã, yaa sẽn yit Niu Gine soolmẽ wã bɩ Bismarck Archipelago tẽn-kɩremsã.[38]

Kʋdemdã

Rɩk-n-tɩrga

Ges-y me: Musa acuminata, Plants et animals domesticated d'Austronesia, la Bãanes sẽn be African-rɩt Highlands wã

Bãngr-gomd ning b sẽn boond tɩ Musa spp. wã sɩng n yaa sẽn yit a Musa banksii sẽn be Gine-paalẽ wã.[39] Papuans rãmb n da kood bõn-kãens nand tɩ Austrones rãmb wa. B sẽn wa n yã bõn-vɩɩs wʋsg Kuk bog-zĩigẽ wã, b yeelame tɩ b ra yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn zĩnd yʋʋm tus piig n tãag yʋʋm tus a yoob la pis-nu sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã.[40][41] Nebã sẽn da baood rɩɩb zĩ-kãnga wã sɩngame n na n gãneg-ba, sẽn sɩng ne Pleistocène wã sẽn kaoosã, n tũnugd ne b sẽn da rɩkd n dɩkd n kẽesd zĩig a to wã la b sẽn da rɩkd n koodẽ wã.[42]> Hal hal n tãag Holocène wã sɩngr la a pʋɩ-sʋka, b ra saaga tʋʋm-no-kãnga.[43] Ne Guinée-paalgã, b ra rɩtame tɩ b sãeeg n kẽng Asia soolmẽ wã. B ra kẽeda ne Musa acuminata buud a taab (sẽn da tõe n yɩ b toorẽ n paam n kẽ), n paas M. balbisiana sẽn be Filipẽ wã, sẽn be Niu Gine sẽn be rɩtgã, la tõe tɩ yaa Halmahera. Bõn-kãens sẽn yɩ to-to wã kɩtame tɩ b paam b sẽn boond tɩ triploid buud nins b sẽn tar rũndã-rũndã wã. Bãanã ra yaa bõn-buud a ye sẽn kɩt tɩ b tõog n sɩng koobã Papua New Guinea.[44]

Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 21 soabã pʋgẽ, b sẽn yã tɩ plantã yaa bõn-bɛd sẽn be Cameroon sẽn dat n yeel tɩ sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm tusr a yembr sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã[45] kɩtame tɩ b wẽ no-koeemd sẽn kẽed ne b sẽn sɩng n bʋt-b Africa. Bãngdb n wilg tɩ b ra mii bãnã sẽn da be Africa la Madagascar wakat kãnga.[46] Bãngr-goam nins sẽn zĩnd pĩndã wilgdame tɩ b ra sɩng n kood-a-la yʋʋmd 500 wã sẽnese.[47] Malagasy nin-buiid n wa n soog Madagascar sẽn yi Asia yaanga sẽn kolg yʋʋmd 600 wã.[48] Glucanase la protein a yiib a taab sẽn yaa toor-toore, b yã-b-la bĩisẽ wã, sẽn sɩng ne zũnzũri zamaanã sɩngre (yʋʋmd 12 soabã sẽn deng a Zezi rogmã) Philistines nebã sẽn da be Tel Erani sẽn be Levant soolmẽ wã.[49]

Sẽn paase, b wa n kẽnga zĩis a taab sẽn be Asia soolmẽ wã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa Indochina la Indian soolmẽ wã.[50] Bãngdb kẽer wilgame tɩ b ra mi-b lame tɩ b ra rɩta tɩɩg sẽn yit Kot Diji sẽn be Pakistan.[51] Asia yaanga yaa tẽn-bãngr sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩda. Africa tẽnsa pʋsẽ, b yãta bõn-vɩɩs buud toor-toore, tɩ wilgdẽ tɩ b sɩng n kood-b lame.[52]

Arab tẽn-koomã tõogrã

Kibar a to: "Arab tẽn-bɩɩb na-kẽndre

Tõe t'a ra bee zĩig a to sẽn yaa we-n-vɩʋʋg tẽnsẽ sẽn da be Moyen-Orient soolmẽ wã, a Zezi sẽn wa n nan pa wa wã. Islã wã sãangã poore, a sãangã kẽe zĩis wʋsg n paase. B goma rẽ yell wʋsg Islãmsã sɛb pʋsẽ (wa yɩɩl la hadiis) sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 9 soabã. Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd 10 soabã sẽnese, b goma banana yell Palestine la Egypt sɛb pʋsẽ. Rẽ poore, a yii be n kẽng Africa rɩtg la Iberi soolmẽ wã.[53] A Ibn al-'Awwam sẽn gʋls yʋʋm koabg la piig la a yiibu, a Kitāb al-Filāḥa (Kibar sẽn gomd koobã yelle) pʋgẽ, b gʋlsa sebr sẽn gomd koobã kood yelle.[54] Yʋʋm kob-gĩndẽ wã, b ra getame t'a Granada tɩɩsã yaa sõma n yɩɩd Arabic soolmẽ wã fãa. Yaa sɩd tɩ b ra koodda bãnã Sɩpr kiris-neb soolmẽ wã yʋʋm kob-gĩndẽ wã sẽnese. Yʋʋmd 1458 wã, Italian so-toakd la gʋlsd a Gabriele Capodilista gʋlsa sẽn kẽed ne koodã sẽn da be Episkopi wã, sẽn pẽ rũndã-rũndã Limassolã, sẽn kẽed ne tẽn-gãongã sẽn da tar bãnã plantasiõ wã yelle.

Zĩ-zĩigã sɩngrẽ wã

Kibar a to: Columbian tẽn-gãonga

Sẽn sɩng ne rũndã-rũndã wã, Europe tẽn-baoodbã sẽn wa n na n kẽng a Magellan nengẽ yʋʋmd 1521 wã, b yã-b-la Guam la Philippines. A Antonio Pigafetta sẽn yaa koom-koglgã kʋdemd bãngd sẽn da pa tar yʋ-peellã, a bilga b wa "viig sẽn yɩɩd palm a ye".[55][56]: 130, 132 Bãngr-gomd ning sẽn yet tɩ Banande yii Africa-rɩt n wa ne-a America disiid soolmẽ wã, yaa Portugal koambã sẽn wa ne-a Africa-rɩt soolmẽ wã yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 16 soabã.[57] Yaa Spain nebã sẽn yi Philippines n wa ne Manila galleons wã n tall-b n kẽng America wĩndg la America nin-sʋka.[58]

Plantation cultivation

Kibar a to : Bãngr-gomd sẽn gomd bãnã plantã rãmb sẽn be America wã yelle

 
Plantation in the Philippines, 2010

Yʋʋm kob-gĩnd piig la a nu la piig la a yoob soabã pʋgẽ, Portugal colonists rãmb sɩngame n na n sel bãnã Atlantic tẽn-kɩremsã, Brazil, la Africa nin-taoorã.[62] Americans nin-buiid sɩngame n dɩt bãnã bilf-bilfu, la ligd wʋsg sẽn yaa toogo. La yaa yʋʋmd 1880 wã pʋgẽ bal la b sɩng n dɩt bãnã wʋsgo.[63] Sẽn nan yɩll tɩ Victorian Era wã ta, b ra pa mi banana wʋsg Erop ye, baa ne b sẽn da be be. [64]

Bãngr-gomd ning sẽn yet tɩ modern plantations sɩngame n be Jamaica la Karib-bi-rãmbã yaangẽ wã, tɩ tẽns wʋsg sẽn be America wã be be. Zĩ-koaadbã sẽn da tar teed wʋsg sẽn na yɩl n paam koom-koglgã, la b sẽn da tar teed wʋsg sẽn na yɩl n paam koom-koglgã, la b sẽn da tar teed wʋsg sẽn na yɩl n paam koom-koglgã, kɩtame tɩ b ra tõe n dɩk sẽk wʋsg n tigim b koodã n wa bɩ. America rɩtgẽ wã, b sẽn boond tɩ Lorenzo Dow Baker la Andrew Preston sẽn yaa b sẽn lugl Boston Fruit Company wã sɩnga tʋʋm-kãngã yʋʋmd 1870 wã pʋgẽ, ne so-toakã tʋʋma, wala Minor C. A Keith. Naama kɩtame tɩ tẽns wʋsg tigim taab wa Chiquita la Dole.[65] Tʋʋmd-kãens ra yaa monopol rãmba, sẽn kẽed ne b sẽn tõe n maan bũmb ning b toore (b sẽn da tõe n soog koodã, b sẽn tõe n maan-a wã, b sẽn tõe n tʋm ne koom-koglgã, la b sẽn tõe n koos-a wã) la b ra nong n tũnugda ne politikã sẽn na yɩl n me tẽn-kɩremsã (sẽn tar b mens n tõe n maan b toore, n pa yaood lampo, la b sẽn nong n kẽngd tẽn-zẽms n teesdẽ wã, la b sẽn pa tar yõod wʋsg ne tẽn-gãongã ye). B sẽn da maand politikã, sẽn wa ne gom-bil ning sẽn boond tɩ banana republic wã, n na n wilg goosneema-rãmb wala Honduras la Gwatemala, ra baoodame tɩ b tʋm ne tẽn-gãonegã nin-kãsems la b zab-n-taase, sẽn na yɩl tɩ b tõog n kẽ politikã pʋgẽ, bɩ b zab ne United States, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, Zab-rɩtgã sasa, sẽn na yɩl tɩ politikã yɩ sõma ne-ba.

Kẽer me sẽn tar minim n maand bũmbu

Sẽn paase: Banande kood sẽn yɩ to-to America soolmẽ wã

 
Small-scale banana production, Liberia, 2013

Dũniyã pʋgẽ, b sã n na n kood mo-moosã fãa, yaa zakã rãmb sẽn na n dɩ bɩ b sẽn na n koos b mo-moosã zĩisẽ. B kood-b-la wʋsg India tẽnga pʋgẽ, tɩ Asia la Africa tẽns a taab wʋsg me tar kamb wʋsg sẽn kood-b-la bilf n koosd b koodã.[66] Kamba sẽn tar pʋt-bil sẽn ta akɛɛr a 1 bɩ a 2 Karayiib soolmẽ wã n yiisd bãnãn dũniyã gill zugu, naoor wʋsgo, n paas kood a taab me.[67] Tẽns wʋsg sẽn be tʋʋl-n-basẽ wã, b rɩt-b-la ne tɩɩs buud toor-toore. Bãannã la planɛtã womda biis yʋʋmd fãa, tɩ rẽ kɩt tɩ b yaa rɩɩb sẽn tar yõod wʋsg komã sasa, la b tara yõod dũniyã gill rɩɩb koglg yĩnga.[68]

Modgr ning b sẽn maand rũndã-rũndã

Ges-y-yã: Banade buud sõor

Banande rogd-n-migsã yaa ne bõn-biis sẽn pa kẽed ne pag ne rao lagengã pʋgẽ. B kõ-a-la sor t'a tõe n wom biisi. A tõe n paama biis a yiib wakat a ye. A tõe n paama biis a yiib sẽn tõe n wom biis tao-tao. Yaa bõn-buud sẽn pa be wakat fãa, la b tõe n paama-a-la yʋʋmd fãa.[69] Yaa tẽns 135 la b tar-ba.[70]

Cavendish

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa: Cavendish banande

 
Cultivars in the Cavendish group dominate the world market.

Sẽn kẽed ne dũni gill koobã wɛɛngẽ, yʋʋm 2009 pʋgẽ, yaa Musa acuminata AAA sull ning sẽn be Cavendish sullã pʋgẽ wã la b ra get n yɩɩda.[71] Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, b yeelame tɩ bãas n sãamd Cavendish banana wã kood dũniyã gill zugu. B pa mi sã n be buud a to sẽn tõe n ledg Cavendish banana wã ye, woto yĩnga, b maanda b sẽn tõe fãa sẽn na yɩl n kɩt tɩ b tõog n paam banana buud sẽn tõe n zab ne bãase, la b tõog n tall-a n koos neb wʋsgo. B sẽn boond tɩ Cavendish bɩ Formosana wã yaa buud a ye sẽn yi Taiwane.[72][73][74]

B sẽn bɩt-a

Bãan-dãmb nins b sẽn dɩkd n kẽngd tẽn-zẽng n tɩ yiisdã yaa vãad la b wat n dɩt-b-la zĩis sẽn yaa toor-toore, b sã n wa ta tẽn-kãng b sẽn na n tall-b n kẽngẽ wã. Ro-kãensã yaa sẽn pa tõe n paam koom n kẽ ye, la b pid ne ethylene gas sẽn na yɩl n kɩt tɩ b bɩ. Woto makda gasã sẽn yaa wa rog-n-migsã.[75][76] Ethylene wã kɩtdame tɩ amylase, sẽn yaa enzym sẽn sãamd zũudã n lebg sukre, tar pãn-tusdg a yũug zugu. Etɩlenã kɩtdame tɩ pectinase, sẽn yaa enzim sẽn yaa toor n sãamd pectinã sẽn be banana sel-dãmb sʋkã, kɩtdame tɩ banana wã sã n wa bɩtẽ, a lebg laafi.[77][78] Vẽenem ning sẽn yaa kẽengã sẽn be nin-buiid wʋsg sẽn be zĩig ning sẽn tar tʋʋl-nif sẽn zems ne zẽ-vãadã pʋgẽ wã yaa sẽn tũ ne b sẽn bɩt n ta 18 °C (64 °F), la pa paamd Cavendish zẽ-vãadã sẽn bɩt zĩig ning sẽn tar tʋʋl-nif sẽn yɩɩd 27 °C (81 °F) ye, sẽn kɩt tɩ b ket n yaa vãadã.[79][80]

Zĩis nins b sẽn na n bĩng la b tallã

 
Ralstonia solanacearum on an overripe banana

Banande b sẽn dɩkd n dɩkd zĩig sẽn zãr n yi trope rãmbã n kẽngd dũniyã zĩisi.[81] Sẽn na yɩl n paam tɩ b bĩng-a wakat fãa, b tigsd-a-la t'a nan pa bɩ ye. B sã n dat n tall-a, b segd n ges-a-la neere, n tall-a tao-tao n kẽng batayo, n kɩt t'a gãande, la b tall-a n kẽng koom-koglgẽ. B sẽn dat n maan woto wã yaa sẽn na yɩl n gɩdg tɩ bãnã ra yiis bũmb ning sẽn kɩtd tɩ b bɩ wã, sẽn boond tɩ ethylene wã ye. Sẽn kẽed ne tʋʋm kãnga, b tõe n bĩngame la b tall-a rasem a 3 bɩ a 4 13 °C (55 °F) pʋgẽ. B sã n wa wa, b gãe-b-la zĩig sẽn tar tʋʋl-nif sẽn zems 17 °C (63 °F) la b rɩk n maan tɩp-bil n ning etilenã. Rasem a wãn loogr poore, tɩɩsã biis sɩngda bɩʋʋngo, tɩ b pʋɩ-b n na n koos-ba. B sã n wa rɩ-a, a tõe n paa yirã rasem a wãn n yaool n dɩ. Sã n yaa tɩ b pa tõe n dɩlge, b tõe n kẽesa bĩng sẽn yaa gãndgo, tɩ b ningd bĩng sẽn yaa gãndgo, tɩ b ningd bĩng sẽn yaa gãndgo, tɩ b tõe n dɩlge, n dɩlge.[82][83]

B sẽn tõe n maan to-to

B sẽn dɩkd zũud wʋsg n tʋmdẽ wã kɩtdame tɩ kʋɩlsã la ko-kãsengã sẽn be koomã pʋgẽ wã lebgd ko-kãsemse, n sãamd koomã bõn-vɩɩsã, tɩ ko-bɩɩsã kood paasdẽ wã kɩtdẽ tɩ weoogã sãamdẽ. La b sã n wa menesd tẽngã bõn-vɩɩsã, b kʋʋda we-rũmsi, tɩ b tõe n tɩ sel-ba. Rẽ wata ne tẽn-gãongã sẽn wat ne ko-pɛm, la a kɩtdame tɩ koomã sẽn yit zĩig to-to wã yɩ wʋsgo.[84]

B tũnugda ne noy sẽn yaa toor-toore, wala Rainforest Alliance la Fairtrade sẽn na yɩl n welg yel-kãensã kẽere. Bãngr-gomdã wilgame tɩ yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 21 soabã sɩngrẽ, b sẽn yiisd bãnã woto wã, b sõorã ra yaa 36%.[85] Baasg zãnga, b tũuda noy-kãens sẽn yɩɩd fãa tẽns nins sẽn get koobã yell wa Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador la Guatemala; dũniyã gill zugu, b baooda koobã 8- 10% bala.[86]

Rɩk-n-mikã

B tõe n dɩka tɩbsg sẽn yaa zũnd-zãnd n maan bõn-bu-kãngã. Aneuploidy wã yaa bũmb sẽn wat ne welgr wʋsg alotriploid buud toor-toor pʋsẽ. Wala makre, a tõe n yɩɩ TR4 sẽn pa tõe n deeg bãag zĩig pʋgẽ. B maana tʋʋm-noy sẽn kẽed ne logtoɛɛmbã sẽn na yɩl n ges sã n pa woto la sã n tõe n wa baas ne bãag sẽn pa tõe n põs ye.[87] Zĩ-vɩɩs a Musa spp. kõta zuloees sẽn tar yõod la b tara yõod wʋsg n paas TR4 zuloeesã, wa sẽn wilgd zuloees sẽn kẽed ne zuloees nins sẽn yit we-rũngã pʋgẽ wã.[88]

Honduras Tʋʋmd sẽn get koobã vaeesg yell n kɩt tɩ b tõog n sigl tɩɩg sẽn pa tar bõn-buud sẽn tõe n põs Panama bãagã la Sigatoka bãagã. Tʋʋmdã sull rɩka yam n bãng tɩ buud nins sẽn pa tar bõn-buudã pa wae n womd bõn-buud ye. B paama bõn-buud piig la a nu sẽn yit tɩɩs 30,000 sẽn be koodẽ wã, n ningd bõn-buud nins sẽn yit Asɩan zẽ-vãadẽ wã pollen ne nusã.[89]

Tʋʋmdã la a koobã

2022 production (in millions of tonnes)
Bananas Plantains Total
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 34.5   34.5
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 11.8   11.8
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 10.4 10.4
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 9.2   9.2
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 5.9 3.1 9.0
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 8.0 8.0
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 6.1 0.9 6.9
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 6.9   6.9
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 0.8 4.9 5.7
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 0.9 4.7 5.5
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 2.5 2.5 5.0
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 4.8 0.3 5.0
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 0.1 4.8 4.9
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 4.6   4.6
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 3.5 0.6 4.1
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 2.2 0.9 3.1
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 2.5 0.1 2.6
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 0.5 2.1 2.6
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 2.6 2.6
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 1.4 1.2 2.5
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 2.5 2.5
Template:Wp/mos/Flagu 2.4 2.4
World 135.1 44.2 179.3
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[90] Note: Some countries distinguish between bananas and plantains, but four of the top six producers do not, thus necessitating comparisons using the total for bananas and plantains combined.

Yʋʋmd 2018 soabã pʋgẽ, b ra yiisda banande ne ligd wʋsg n yɩɩd tɩɩs a taabã fãa.[91] Yʋʋmd 2022 soabã pʋgẽ, b sẽn naag taab n maan banande la bãn-dãmb dũniyã gill zugã taa ton milyõ 179, tɩ India la Sɩn n lʋɩt taoore, tɩ b naag taab n maan bãnã la b bãn-dãmbã dũniyã gill zugu. Tʋʋmd a taab sẽn maan yaa Uganda, Indonesia, Philippines, Nigeria, la Ecuador.[92] Wala b sẽn wilgã, yʋʋmd 2013 wã, dũniyã gill zugu, b ra yiisda bãnã ton milyõ 20 la bãnãnã ton 859,000.[93] Ecuadorr ne Philippines n da yaa tẽn-kɩtbã sẽn da tar planɛt rãmb n yɩɩd fãa, sẽn yaa ton milyõ 5.4 la ton milyõ 3.3, la Dominican Republic ra yaa tẽn-kɩtb sẽn da tar planɛt rãmb n yɩɩd fãa, sẽn yaa ton 210,350.[94]

Bõn-wẽedba

Bãannã sãamda bõn-wẽns wʋsgo, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, nematoodã la bõn-vɩɩsã.[95]

Nematodes

Bãanã yẽbgr tõe n paama sãoong ne nematodes buud toor-toor sẽn yaa parazit rãmba. Radopholus similis n wat ne nematodes yẽbgr sã n sãamdẽ, sẽn yaa nematodes bãag ning sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩdã banande wɛɛngẽ.[96] Kẽer sã n paam tɩ yẽg-kẽer kẽed ne bũmbu, yaa bũmbu sẽn boond tɩ Meloidogyne,[97] tɩ kẽer sã n paam tɩ yẽg-kẽer kẽed ne bũmbu, yaa bũmbu sẽn boond tɩ Pratylenchus,[98] tɩ kẽer me sã n paam tɩ bũmbu kẽed ne bũmbu, yaa bũmbu sẽn boond tɩ Helicotylenchus.[99]

 
Radopholus similis inside banana root, causing nematode root rot

Bõn-yɩgdse

Bõn-vɩɩs nins sẽn yaa bõn-wẽnsã n wat ne bãnã koodã sʋka, yaa bõn-vɩɩs a yiib sẽn wat ne ligd wʋsg bõne, sẽn yaa bõn-vɩɩs sẽn boond tɩ Cosmopolites sordidus la bõn-vɩɩs sẽn boond tɩ Odoiporus longicollis. Bõn-wẽns a taab sẽn tar yõod n be yaa we-rɩt-n-vɩʋʋg la we-rɩt-n-vɩʋʋg.[100]

 
The banana borer is a destructive pest that tunnels inside the plant.[101]

Bãasã

Sẽn yɩɩd fãa: Banande la plantain bãas

Baa ne b sẽn pa tõe n sãam-b zãng-zãngã, b sẽn boond tɩ Cavendish wã, b bee yell pʋgẽ.[102] Yaa tɩlɛ tɩ b paam tɩ b maan bãnã buud toor-toor n paase, la b ra ges Cavendish wã bal ye.[103] A sẽn deng-a wã sẽn boond tɩ Gros Michel wã, b sẽn wa n bãng yʋʋmd 1820 wã, ra yaa wa yẽ me n da tar naam, la b ra segd n ledga yẽ, bãag ning b sẽn boond tɩ Panama bãagã sẽn wa n kẽ neb wʋsgã. Cavendish wã me sã n be zĩig a ye bala, a tõe n paama bãase, tɩ kɩt tɩ b sã n na n bʋd-a, a tõe n wa sãam a yõodo.[104][105] Bãngd ning sẽn geta bõn-vɩɩsã yell a Julie Sardos yãame tɩ bõn-vɩɩs wʋsg sẽn yaa bõn-vɩɩsã yaab n be, tɩ b bãngdbã pa mi b sẽn tõe n maan to-to n kogl bõn-vɩɩsã bãase.[106]

Neb kẽer yeelame tɩ sẽn tõe n ledg bũmb ning sẽn be dũniyã gill zugã yaa "banane typique" sẽn yaa toor wʋsg tɩ neb wʋsg pa na n ges-b wa biis a ye ye, la b ningd bãanã sẽn boogdã taale, sẽn na n yɩlẽ tɩ b paam ligd sẽn na n maan wakat bilf pʋgẽ. Bõn-bɩlgdbã bãas tara yõod wʋsg tẽn-kɩrems sẽn yaa tẽn-bõoneg sẽn nan pa tar pãnga.[107]

Panama bãagã

 
Panama disease Fusarium fungus climbing up through the banana stem

B sẽn boond tɩ Panama bãagã yaa tẽng zug zũng sẽn boond tɩ Fusarium sẽn kẽed tɩɩsã yẽgẽ, n tũ ne koom n kẽed tɩɩsã yẽgẽ la b vãadẽ wã, n kɩt tɩ b maand gel-dãmb la zũng-dãmb sẽn gɩdg koomã la rɩɩbã tɩ b pa kẽedẽ, n kɩtd tɩ tɩɩgã kʋɩ, la a kɩtd tɩ wĩndg vẽenem sẽn tõe n kʋ tɩɩgã kẽedẽ. Sẽn deng yʋʋmd 1960 wã, yaa Gros Michel buud-gomdã la b ra maand n yiisd b fãa, bala b ra pa tõe n paam-a ye. B yãka Cavendish n na n ledg Gros Michel, bala a womda biis sẽn yaa sõma n yɩɩda. A baoodame tɩ b ges a sẽn segd n yɩ to-to a sẽn wa n be koomã pʋgẽ wã yelle,[108] la b sã n mak-a ne Gros Michel wã, b pa wʋmd a sẽn segd n yɩ to-to ye.

Fusarium wilk TR4

Yʋʋmd 1993 wã, b yãa bãag ning sẽn boond tɩ Fusarium wilt TR4, sẽn yaa bãag ning b sẽn boond tɩ Panama bãagã. Fusarium wils-kãngã sẽn tar pãng wʋsgã sãama Cavendish tɩɩsã tẽns wʋsg sẽn be Asian soolmã goabg-rɩtgã, la a saaga Australia ne India.[109] Sẽn mik tɩ tẽng-n-piisã tõe n talla bã-kɛgengã nana-nana, fuugã bɩ tʋʋm-teedo, bã-kɛgengã saaga America tẽnsã baa ne sẽn maan yʋʋm wʋsg n na n gɩdg-a wã.[110] Bãng-y tɩ b sã n pa paam zũnd-zãnd buud toor-toore, b tõe n paama bãag ning sẽn boond tɩ TR4 wã, tɩ bãagã kɩt tɩ b tõe n yiis-a dũniyã gill zugu.[111] B sẽn mi tɩ b tõe n zab ne TR4 wã yaa b sẽn tõe n maan tɩ bãagã ra kẽ-a ye.[112] Yaa RGA2 sẽn yaa zeng sẽn yi TR4 sẽn pa tar diploid banande pʋgẽ, bɩ Ced9 sẽn yit nematodẽ wã n kõt rẽ.[113][114] B tõe n maana woto ne zũnd-zũnd sẽn kẽed ne zũnd-zũndg wɛɛngẽ.[115][116]

Sigatoka sẽn yaa nin-sablsã

 
Leaf infected with black sigatoka

Sigatoka yaa bãag sẽn wat ne zũnd-zãnd sẽn be vãad zut tɩ b reng n yã-a Fidji yʋʋmd 1963 bɩ 1964. Yaa Ascomycete sẽn boond t'a Mycosphaerella fijiensis n wat ne bã-kãnga. B boond-a lame me tɩ bã-kãnga, la a sã n wa paam nin-buiidã, a sã n wa paam-b tɩ b rɩk-a n ning bã-kãense, a sã n wa paam-b tɩ b rɩk-a n ningd teedẽ wã, a sã n wa lebg bã-kãense, a sã n wa paam-b tɩ b rɩk-a n ningd teedẽ wã, a sã n wa lebg bã-kãense, a sã n wa lebg bã-kãense, a sã n wa lebg bã-kãense. Bõn-buud nins fãa b sẽn boond tɩ bananes la plantains (tõnd sẽn boond tɩ Cavendish wã me[117]) bee bãag ne bã-kãnga. A gɩdgdame tɩ fotosintɛɛzã maan tɩ sebã lebg bũmbu, n baas n kʋ sebã fãa. B sã n pa le tar pãng n paasdẽ, tɩɩs nins sẽn womd biisã na n boogame, n ta 50% bɩ n yɩɩd rẽ menga, la b sã n paam n womd tɩɩsã, b bɩtame tɩ pa ta wakat ning b sẽn segd n tall-b n kẽng tẽn-zẽmsã ye. Bãngr-gomdã wilgame tɩ zũngã pa le tõe n paam tɩbsg ye. B tõe n kosa tɩ b fõog-a ne zũng-kɩɩsdb naoor 50 yʋʋmd fãa. Yaa tɩlae tɩ b maan tʋʋm-noy sẽn yaa sõma n paas tɩ b tõog n zab ne bãad-dãmb la bãad-rãmb fãa.[118][119]

Banande bunch top virus

 
Colony of banana aphids (Pentalonia nigronervosa), vector of banana bunchy top virus

Banande bãag yaa bõn-vɩɩl bãag sẽn yit Babuvirus buudẽ, sẽn yaa Nanonviridae buudẽ, sẽn kẽed Musa spp. (tõnd sẽn boond tɩ banana, abaca, plantain la bananes sẽn yaa bõn-vɩɩl) la Ensete spp. Musaceae buudẽ.[120] Banande buud bãag bãasã bã-rãmb yaa bõn-vẽenem sẽn tar woglem sẽn tõe n toeem n be seb-vẽenemẽ wã, sẽn kẽed ne seb-vẽenemẽ wã, sẽn kẽed ne seb-vẽenemẽ wã, la sẽn kẽed ne seb-vẽenemẽ wã. Bõn-bɩʋʋngã sã n wa tar pãng n paasdẽ, a vãadã lebgda bilfu, tɩ b pa le tõe n bɩ ye. B tõeeme n pa wom biis ye, wall b tõeeme me tɩ b pa tõe n yiis biis nins b sẽn boond tɩ pseudostemã ye.[121] Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, b yeelame tɩ bã-kãngã yaa bã-longd sẽn boond tɩ Pentalonia nigronervosa, la a sãeegd Asia soolmã goabg la rɩtgo, Asia, Philippines, Taiwan, Oceani a la Africa babs a taab pʋsẽ. B pa tar tɩɩm ye, la b tõe n tõogame n menes-a sõma, b sã n menes tɩɩs nins bãaga sẽn tarã la b rɩk tɩɩs sẽn pa tar bãaga n sel-ba.[122] B pa yã buud buud sẽn tar tõog ye, la b wilgame tɩ buud toor-toor sẽn tar tõog yaa toor-toore. B sẽn boond tɩ Cavendish sullã tara yõodo.[123]

Banande bacteriã sẽn wat ne wilgã

Bãanã bãag yaa bãag sẽn wat ne Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum.[124] B reng n bãnga bãagã sẽn kẽed ne bãnã buud a to sẽn boond tɩ Ensete ventricosum, sẽn be Etiopi yʋʋmd 1960 wã pʋgẽ. B reng n yãa bãagã Ougãnda yʋʋmd 2001 sẽn kẽed ne bãnã buud fãa. Sẽn sɩng ne rẽ, b yãame tɩ bã-kãnga bee Afirik tẽn-sʋk la a yaanga, sẽn kẽed ne Rwanda, Democratiic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Burundi, la Uganda.[125]

Conservation of genetic diversity

 
The cold storage room for the banana collection at Bioversity International's Musa Germplasm Transit Centre

Sẽn kẽed ne zũnd-zãndã zũnd-zãndã sẽn be zũnd-zãndã pʋgẽ wã sẽn kẽed ne gɩdgr wʋsg sẽn tũ ne biotics (dũud la bãas) la abiotics (wa kʋɩl-beoog) yelle, b ket n kogenda zũnd-zãnd zũnd-zãndã zũnd-zãndã fãa.[126] Yʋʋmd 2024, a Pascal Liu sẽn yaa FAO wã bãngd sẽn get laog yelle, wilgame tɩ dũni gill laog fɩɩgr yaa "toog kãseng" sẽn kẽed ne bãnã sẽn be dũniyã gill zugã.[127]

Bãanã bã-vɩɩs yaa bũmb sẽn be tẽnsã la tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ, tɩ b tõe n yã-a ne bã-vɩɩsã b sẽn boond tɩ International Musa Germplasm Transit Centre, sẽn be KU Leuven sẽn be Bɛlzikã.[128] Sẽn mik tɩ Musa buud-goamã pa tar bõn-buud wʋsg wã, b kogenda b bõn-buudã ne manesem a tãab sẽn yaa kãsems: in vivo (b sẽn bʋt-b zĩig pʋgẽ), in vitro (b sẽn bʋt-b wa bõn-buud sẽn be tesg-n-vɩɩs pʋgẽ, zĩig b sẽn get n getẽ), la b sẽn kogend-b tɩ b pa kiidẽ wã (b sẽn kogend-b tɩ b pa solg tɩ b pa solg tɩ b pa kiidẽ ye).[129]

Zĩn-dãmb nins sẽn yit zẽ-vãad buud toor-toor pʋsẽ wã yaa wa DNA la wa polẽn sẽn be zĩ-vẽenegã.[130] B tõe n gũusa bõn-buud sẽn yit weoogẽ wã wakat kẽere, la b pa wae n maand woto ye, bala yaa toog tɩ b lebs n lugl-ba. Sẽn le paasde, b kogenda bãnã la b yagensã sẽn be weoogẽ wã zĩig pʋgẽ, zĩig ning b sẽn wa n be wã, la b sẽn ket n maand woto wã. Sẽn paase, yaa tẽn-kɩremsã la b sẽn nong n beẽ, tɩ yaa tẽn-kɩremsã la b sẽn nong n beẽ.[131]

Rɩɩb sẽn yaa sõma

Bãan sẽn pa rɩke (sẽn pa naag ne a gãongo) yaa koom 75%, ko-wogd-rãmb 23%, protein 1%, la rasãnd sẽn pa waoog be a pʋgẽ. Bãngr-gomd sẽn yaa gram 100 (3.5 oz) kõta calories 89 la vitamine B6 sẽn zems daar fãa wã 24%, la vitamine C, mangã, potassium, la rɩɩb sẽn yaa tɩrg wʋsgo, la pa tar mikronutrient a taab wʋsg ye (table).

Baa ne b sẽn tẽed tɩ banande wã tara potasɩy sẽn yaa kãsenga,[132][133] b potasɩy sɩd-sɩdã pa waooge, b sẽn tar potasɩy sẽn zems ne daar fãa wã yaa 12% bala (table). Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, potassium wã sẽn be bãnã pʋgẽ wã yaa wa tɩɩs la tɩɩs a taab sẽn be tɩɩs la tɩɩs a taab pʋsẽ wã.[134][135]

Neb nins sẽn tar latex tɩɩm tõe n paama tɩɩm ne banande.[136]

B sẽn tũnugd ne to-to

Rɩk-m-mengã

Bõn-buud

Ges-y leb n: plantain ning b sẽn ningd rɩɩbã pʋgẽ wã la b sẽn boond tɩ banande wãBanande yaa bõn-yɩgdg sẽn tar yõod wʋsg tẽn-gãong wʋsg pʋsẽ. Zĩig ning b sẽn yãk tɩ b rɩ wã la b sẽn bɩ to-to wã tõe n kɩtame tɩ b nemdã yɩ toor-toore, n sɩng ne sẽn tar-a tɩɩm n tɩ tãag sẽn tar-a tɩɩm, la b kõ-a pãng n tɩ tãag sẽn tar-a tɩɩm. B tõe n dɩka a gãongã la a pʋɩ-sʋkã tɩ b yaool n dɩ-a bɩ n wa rɩ-a. Bãanã yũ-noog sẽn yaa kãseng n yɩɩd yaa isoamyl acetate (b sẽn boond me tɩ banande kaamã), sẽn naag ne bũmb a taab wala butyl acetate la isobutyl acetate, n tar yõod wʋsg ne banande yũ-noogã.[137]

B rɩt-b-la ne kooma, naoor wʋsgo, b rɩta-b-la wa b sẽn dɩt-b to-to wã.[138] Pisang goreng, sẽn dat n yeel tɩ maanf sẽn gãneg ne bĩisim, yaa rɩɩb b sẽn nong n dɩt sorã zug Asia yaanga.[139] Banande bee Philippines rɩɩbã pʋgẽ, ne rɩ-nood sẽn yaa wa maruya banana fritters.[140] B tõe n dɩka banana n maan tɩ b yɩ tɩɩs biis sẽn yaa sõma. [ B sẽn boond tɩ banande chipsã yaa rɩɩb b sẽn maand ne banana sẽn kẽeg n gãneg n dɩ, wala sẽn be Kerala wã.[141] B sã n wa kʋɩl-bãanã, b na n wʋga b tɩ yɩ wa zũudã.[142] Afirik, b rɩta bãnã ne nemd la zẽ-vãad wala zũnzũri bɩ zũnzũri n maan katogo sẽn yaa rɩɩb b sẽn dɩt yibeoogo.[143] Tẽns nins sẽn be wĩndg-n-soabã pʋsẽ, b tũnugda ne banana n maand rɩ-nood wala banande burã.[144]

Kẽengã

B sẽn boond-a me tɩ "banana hearts" bɩ "banana blossoms" yaa bõn-bɩʋʋng[145] sẽn be Asia soolmẽ wã la Asia soolmẽ wã. A yũudã wõnda artichoke. Wala sẽn yaa to-to ne artichoke, b tõe n dɩka b rũmsa la b sũura fãa.[146]

  •  
    Banana flowers and leaves on sale in Thailand
  •  
    Kilawin na pusô ng saging, a Filipino dish of banana flowers

Sebre

Sõd-kãsenga: Banande sebre

Bãnã vãad yaa kãense, n tõe n gãneg n lebg wa bũmb a to, la b pa tõe n kẽ koom ye. Baa ne b sẽn pa tõe n dɩ-b wã, b nong n dɩk-b lame n ning rɩɩb b sẽn tõe n dɩk n sãam pʋgẽ, sẽn pa sãamd tẽngã, bɩ b rɩk-b lame n maan "pĩnd" Asia soolmẽ wã la Asian soolmẽ wã tẽns wʋsg pʋsẽ.[147] Indonesian wã, b rɩkda bãn-vãadã n segend rɩɩb wala pepes la botok. Bãn-vãadã b sẽn ningd rɩɩbã pʋgẽ la tɩ-noodã b rɩt-b-la koomẽ, bɩ b rɩt-b-la pemsem zugu. B kẽnda tamales buud kẽere tɩ b ningd-b ne banana vãad la b pa ningd-b ne zũud ye.[148]

B sã n dɩk-a n na n dɩ bɩ n wa rɩ, a kogenda rɩɩbã tɩ b ra yõog-a, la a kõt-a-la yũ-noogo.[149] India soolmẽ wã, b minim n dɩta rɩɩb sẽn yit b rog-n-migsẽ wã ne bãnãn sebre.[150] Tamil Nadu (India) pʋgẽ, b rɩkda maanf vãad n ningd rɩɩb la b maand koob sẽn na n gãd rɩɩb sẽn yaa koomã.[151]

Kẽengã

Sõsg kãsenga: Banande pith

B leb n tũnugda ne bĩis nins sẽn be Asian soolmẽ wã la Asian soolmẽ wã n maand rɩɩb ne bĩis nins sẽn be Asia soolmẽ wã.[152] Wala makre, Burmese wã rɩɩb mohinga, la Filipino wã rɩɩb inubaran la kadyos, manok, kag ubad.

  •  
    Kaeng yuak, a northern Thai curry of the core of the banana plant

Seb-vãoog la teed sẽn tar yũ-noogo

Kibar a to: Manila ko-moosã la banande sebre

B sẽn da rɩkd banana wã n maand fu-rɩt-rɩtã la a vãadã n maand fu-rɩt Asia soolmẽ wã sẽn sɩng ne yʋʋm kob-gĩnd a 13 soabã tɛka. B tũnuga ne tɩɩs sẽn tar biisi la tɩɩs sẽn tar vãad me.[153] Japõ wã Kijōka-bashōfu, b kẽesa vãadã la vãadã wakat-wakate, sẽn na yɩl tɩ b yɩ sũ-bʋgsem dãmba. Pipi, b rɩt-a lame n ning koomẽ, n segl peenã sẽn na yɩl n maan peenã. Bãannã buud toor-toorã yaa toor-toore, la b sẽn maand to-to wã pa yembr ye. Wala makre, b sã n na n dɩk-a n maan fu-rɩtb bɩ n maan-a n kõ ned t'a rɩk-a, yaa fu-rɩtb nins sẽn be yɩngã la b tõe n dɩk n maan fu-rɩtba, tɩ fu-rɩtb nins sẽn be yɩngã la b tõe n dɩk n maan kimono la kamishimo. Zĩ-kãnga, b sẽn maand fuugã yaa ne nus bala.[154] B tõe n maana bãnã sɛb ne bãnã tɩɩgã gãndgo, sẽn yɩɩd fãa sẽn na yɩl n maan bõn-naandse, bɩ ne bãnã tɩɩgã wilã la biis nins sẽn pa tõe n dɩk n tʋmã. Sebrã tõe n yɩɩ ne nug bɩ b maan-a tʋʋma wɛɛngẽ.[155]

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    Packing Manila hemp (Musa textilis) into bales, Java
  •  
    Weaving looms processing Manila hemp fabric
  •  
    A modern Manila hemp bag by the fashion company QWSTION

B sẽn tõe n maan to-to

Banande vãad-bɛdã b sẽn boond tɩ zũnd-zãndrã, b tũnugda ne-ba.[156]

Bãanã na n tõog n yiisa ko-kãsengã koom sẽn tar zũudã, wa teed a taab sẽn tõe n yɩlg koomã.[157][158] B tõe n dɩga bõn-buud nins b sẽn yiisd ne tɩɩsã n kõ rũmsã.[159]

Wala bõn-vɩɩs a taabã fãa sẽn tar potassium wã, b sã n dɩk-a, a tõe n kɩtame t'a lebg radioaktiiv wʋsgo, bala potassium-40 (K-40) isotope bee a pʋgẽ.[160] B sẽn boond tɩ "banana equivalent dose of radiation" wã, b sẽn maan-a yʋʋmd 1995 wã, yaa zãmsg sẽn yaa nana, sẽn na n sõng nebã tɩ b bãng tɩ K-40 zulungã yaa bõn-vɩɩl sẽn be ninsaalb fãa la rɩɩb wʋsg pʋsẽ.[161][162]

Tʋʋmd sẽn kẽed ne rog-n-mikã

 
Banana used for Chhath Puja in Northern India

Arts

A Matsuo Bashō sẽn yaa Edõ wã wakat yɩɩl-gʋlsdã paama a yʋʋrã ne Zapõ gom-bil ning sẽn yaa 芭蕉 (Bashō) sẽn yaa Japanese banande wã. A Bashō wã karen-biig sẽn tall mi-beoog n sel a zẽedẽ wã lebga a yɩɩlã vẽnegre, la a vɩɩmã la a roogã makre.

Yɩɩll ning sẽn yaa: "N-ye! A Frank Silver ne a Irving Cohn n gʋls yɩɩlã, n yiis-a yʋʋmd 1923. Sẽn sɩng ne rẽ, b le yɩɩla yɩɩlã naoor wʋsgo, la b ra nong-a-la wʋsgo, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn wa n na n wa ne bãnã paoong sẽn paoodã sasa.[163][164]

Ned sẽn lʋɩt ne ko-bõoneg yaa bũmb sẽn be yamleoog wʋsg yʋʋm wʋsg pʋgẽ. Amerik film a ye b sẽn gʋls yʋʋmd 1910 wã pʋgẽ, b wilgame tɩ nin-kãseng a ye b sẽn boond tɩ " Uncle Josh " n gom yel-kãngã yelle.[165]

Bãngr-gomdã pʋgẽ, a Giorgio de Chirico sẽn gʋls yʋʋmd 1913 wã, a sẽn gʋls tɩ The Uncertainty of the Poet wã pʋgẽ, b tũnugda ne tɩɩgã sẽn yaa bõn-naandgã n maan bõn-naandse. Yʋʋmd 2019 soabã pʋgẽ, b rɩka a Natalia LL video wã la fot-rãmb sẽn wilgd pag sẽn "bẽed banana" Warsawa tẽnga musẽmẽ wã n yiis la b sɩbg musẽmã taoor soaba.[166] A The Velvet Underground pipi album ning b sẽn maan yʋʋmd 1967 wã, a Andy Warhol maana banana. Sẽn sɩng ne vinyl LP wã, b sẽn maan-a wã kɩtame tɩ ned tõe n "pẽg" bãn-kãngã n yã bãn-vãad sẽn gãneg bĩisẽ wã.[167] Yʋʋmd 1989 wã, feministikã sẽn boond tɩ Guerilla Girls maana screenprint ne banande a yiib sẽn wõnd a Warhol rẽnda, n maan tɩ b lebg "0" sẽn na yɩl n leok sogsg ning sẽn be tʋʋm-no-kãngã pʋgẽ wã: "Tʋʋm a wãn la pagb sẽn yaa maan-b n maan n be a Andy Warhol la a Tremaine ligdã koosg zĩisẽ Sotheby's?".[168]

Italian ned sẽn yaa maan-kʋʋd a Maurizio Cattelan naan n maana tʋʋm-noor sẽn boond tɩ Comedian[169] sẽn kẽed ne b sẽn na n gãneg banana n gãd lalgã ne ligdi. B wilga bõn-naandgã wakat bilf Art Basel sẽn be Miami wã, tɩ b yaool n yiis-a n wãb-a n pa paam sor n na n tall n maan a to sẽn boond t'a David Datuna sẽn be Niuyorkã.[170]

Tũudum la kibayã

 
Nang Tani, the female ghost of Thai folklore that haunts banana plants

India soolmẽ wã, b rɩka bãnã n maan bũmb wʋsg Hindus rãmbã kibs-kãsemsã la b kibs-kãsemsã sasa. India soolmẽ wã, sẽn yɩɩd fãa, b sẽn boond tɩ tàmill dãmbã, b sẽbda tɩɩs nins sẽn tar banana wã n naan n maan arze, sẽn na n yɩ bark n kõ pʋg-paalã la a pagã, tɩ b tõog n vɩɩmd n kaoos la b tall yõodo.[171][172]

Thailand, b tẽedame tɩ bõn-naandg buud a ye sẽn boond t'a Nang Tani, sẽn yaa bõn-naandg sẽn kẽed ne tɩɩs la bõn-naandg a taab sẽn wõnd pʋg-bi, tõe n zĩnda bõn-naandg buud a ye pʋgẽ.[173] Nebã nong n sẽbda fuug sẽn tar neer n gilgd ne zũnd-zãnd tɩɩsã.[174]

Malay rãmba sẽn boond tɩ Pontianak yaa bõn-naandg sẽn wat ne banana tɩɩs (pokok pisang), la b yetame t'a sɩɩgã bee b pʋsẽ wĩndga.[175]

Rasã sẽn wilgd bũmb ningã

Ges-y-yã: Bãngr-gomd sẽn gomd buud toor-toor yelle, la Racism wã reemã pʋgẽ

European, British la Australian wã, yaa wakat sẽn zãr la b rɩkd n lobd ninsabls tẽnsa ne taaba, n na n wilg tɩ ninsabls tẽnsa yaa ninsabls tẽnsa neba.[176][177] B sẽn da maand woto wã ra yaa bũmb b sẽn da minim n maand England yʋʋm 1980 wã, n na n yaal b sẽn da yaa Afirik nin-sabls buud rãmb n mak-b ne nin-bɩɩse.[178]

Ges-y me

  • Corporación Bananera Nacional
  • Zĩis la rũms b sẽn maneg Austronesya
  • Bãngr-gomd a to sẽn wilgd tɩ b yiisda la b rɩt-a-la wʋsgo
  • United Brands Company ne Erop Komini wã Komini

Sebtiisi

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  176. ↑ https://theconversation.com/comparing-black-people-to-monkeys-has-a-long-dark-simian-history-55102
  177. ↑ https://theworld.org/stories/2014-05-13/ugly-racist-trend-tossing-bananas-black-soccer-players-continues
  178. ↑ https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/opinion/richard-evans-throwing-bananas-at-black-sportsmen-has-been-recognised-as-racism-across-europe-for-decades/news-story/afcb5d4a634119b327507e7616755e0b
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