Wp/mnc/Daicing gurun
manju hergen -i ararangge hūlarao.
ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳᠩ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ 大清 daicing gurun | |||||
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gurun i gisun: | manju gisun | ||||
siden i gisun: | manju gisun, monggo gisun, nikan gisun | ||||
daruhai baitalara gisun: | manju gisun, nikan gisun, monggo gisun, tanggūt gisun, hoise gisun | ||||
han: | nurgaci (ujui) pu i (dubei) | ||||
gemun: | mukden (1636-1644) (abkai aliyangga fu) beging(1644-1912) (šuntiyanfu) | ||||
ujui uju amba hoton: | {{{ujui uju amba hoton}}} | ||||
cooha: | jakūn gūsa | ||||
irgen: | manju, solon, sibe, monggo, nikan, hoise, tanggūt etc. | ||||
talgari: | 13,100,000 km2 (1,790)[1] 11,500,000 km2 (1,880)[2] | ||||
anggala: | 140,000,000 (1,740) 301,000,000 (1,790) 395,918,000 (1,898) | ||||
fisin kemun: | ---niyalma/km2 | ||||
jiha: | yan | ||||
banai erin: | deri UTC+5 ci UTC+10 | ||||
asu (TLD): | (akū) | ||||
uksun feniyen: | |||||
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uksun feniyen: | {{{uksun feniyen}}} | ||||
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Qing_Dynasty_1820.png/200px-Qing_Dynasty_1820.png)
Daicing gurun (manju hergen: ᡩᠠᡳ᠌ᠴᡳ᠍ᡢ
ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ; monggo gisun: Дайчин улс, monggo hergen: ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠴᠢᠩ
ᠤᠯᠤᠰ; nikan gisun: 大清, mudan: Dàqīng; hoise gisun: چىڭ سۇلالىسى; tanggūt gisun: ཆིང་རྒྱལ་རབས) serengge manju i aisin gioro halangga uksun i han i dasaha, 1616ci aniya taidzu dergi hūwangdi šanahai dergi hetu ala de aisin gurun ilibufi, 1637ci aniya de hong taiji gurun -i gebu be daicing sehe. 1644ci aniya de šanaha furdan de dosifi, dulimbai gurun be emu obuha. 1912ci aniya de duhetele beging de gemulehe, manju, monggo, nikan, hoise, tanggūt sere sunja gurun be uherilehe emke gurun.
suduri
editdaicing gurun i deribun
editnikan i daiming gurun de dasabuha forgon de, nurgaci šanahai dergi i ba de tehe jušen be uherilefi, 1616ci aniya de hetu ala de gemuleme amaga aisin gurun (manju gurun) be ilibuhabi. tere uthai daicing gurun ci nenehe gurun. nurgaci amaga aisin gurun be ilibure nenden amaga de, inu manju hergen be banjibufi, jakūn gūsa i durun be ilibume, jušen i badarambure da fulehe be toktobuha. 1619ci aniya de sarhū i afan de nikan i cooha be etefi, aisin gurun i horon liyooha bira i dergi i yooni ba de isinaha. ini jui hong taiji nikan gurun i šanaha furdan i amargi i ba jai dorgi monggo be dailame dahabufi, 1636ci aniya de jušen, monggo, nikan sere ilan gurun i niyalma mukden de acanafi, hong taiji hūwangdi obufi, jušen i gebu be manju seme halaha.
daicing gurun nikan gurun be ejelefi dasarangge
editijishūn dasan hūwangdi i funde, nikan gurun de li dzi ceng i facuhūn i turgun de daiming gurun gukuhe. daiming gurun i werihe šanahai furdan de tuwakiyame bisire u san guwei i baire be dahame, šanggiyan jase be dabafi li dzi ceng be etehe. tuttu ofi, 1644ci aniya de daicing gurun beging de gemulefi, nikan gurun be dasame deribuhe. ere be daicing gurun i šanahai furdan de dosirengge be sembi. damu nikan gurun i julergi ba de daiming gurun i taksiha toki kemuni mukdeme, cohome jeng ceng gung taiwan de ejeleme mangga eljembi. daicing gurun oci, neneme nurhaci i jui dorgon kadalafi, amala hūwašaha ijishūn dasan hūwangdi beye dasafi, nikan gurun i julergi ba be necihiyeme toktobufi daiming gurun i durun be bahame gurun be dasambi.
daicing gurun i ten i mukdeke wesihun
editijishūn dasan hūwangdi i manggi, elhe taifin hūwangdi, hūwaliyasun tob hūwangdi, abkai wehiyehe hūwangdi sere ilan jalan daicing gurun i ten i mukdeke wesihun inu.
elhe taifin hūwangdi han obuhai julergi ba de bisire ilan gurun i facuhūn be gidafi, jeng halangga i dahara be alifi taiwan be fugiyan golo de kamcime sindafi, daicing gurun i nikan be yooni dasaha arbun be toktobuha. tulergi gurun i baru oci oros gurun i emgi nibcu i boji bithe unggifi dergi ilan golo i jecen be toktobufi, tulergi jasak monggo be dahabufi, tanggūt be akdulambi.
tere funde dzun gar gurun mukdeke ofi, elhe taifin hūwangdi cooha be unggime tulergi jasak monggo deri dzun gar gurun be necifi g'aldan be etehe. abkai wehiyehe hūwangdi dzun gar be necihiyeme toktobufi, tere ba be ice jecen seme gebulefi dasan be sindaha.
ere uthai sahaliyan ula deri ice jecen jai wargi dzang de isitala ojoro dulimbai gurun i yooni ba be toktobuha.
ton komso ojoro manju i umesi labdu ojoro nikan jai gūwa gurun i niyalma jai onco amba ba na be dasara daicing gurun ojorongge, emke han bime ududu gurun i han i oron be uherileme dasame ofi, suduri de bisire nikan be dasaha gurun i dolo inu emke cohonggo durun. nikan ba de daiming gurun i golo i durun be sirame, monggo, tanggūt, hoise i jergi gurun be ba na i beise, dalai lama be kadalabume, tulergi golo be dasara jurgan de dasabumbi. manju i jakūn gūsa banjibume, coohai baita be alimbi.
1380 tumen km² i jecen dasambi (1820), 31900 tumen funcerengge niyalma daicing gurun-de tehe (1898).
dasan
edithafan
editdaicing gurun i tuktan de, elhe taifin hūwangdi de isitala kemuni werihe manju i daci bisire uheri hebdešere durun bime, hūwangdi i toose kemuni muyahūn akū. tere durun oci, gūsa -i ejen jai han i uksun i hūsungge niyalma be hebe de sonjofi, dasan be toktobumbi. han ocibe inu ududu gūsa ejen i emke bime, kemun akū toose kemuni akū.
tere de tehereme sindahangge daiming gurun ci gaiha dorgi yamun i durun. hong taiji i funde bithe i ilan yamun sembi. tere damu dasan be weilere jurgan bime, kemuni hebe i gūnin be dahaci acambi. damu amala nikan šu wen be hairara ijishūn dasan hūwangdi terebe dorgi yamun gebulefi ten den jergi dasara jurgan obufi hebe be coohai baita be icihiyabumbi.
terei manggi, hūwaliyasun tob hūwangdi isan de kemnebure be hatara ofi, jun gar be afara de, dasan jai coohai baita be gemu icihiyara coohai nashūn i ba be banjifi hūwangdi i muyahūn horon be toktobuha.
dulimba de coohai nashūn i ba ci tulgiyen ninggun jurgan bi. dorgi baita be uheri kadalara yamun (gurung ni baita), uksun be kadalara yamun (uksun i baita), tulergi golo be dasara jurgan (tulergi golo be dasarangge), uheri be baicara yamun (hafan be baicarangge), dasan be hafumbure yamun (wesimbure bithe be hūlarangge), beidere be tuwancihiyara yamun (ten den jergi beidere jurgan) sembi.
daicing gurun i dasara ba na de dergi ilan golo (manjusai daci jihe ba), tulergi golo jai nikan ba i golo sere ilan hacin bi. daicing gurun i dasara ba be yooni dulimbai gurun sembi.
tulergi golo hong taiji tuktan cahar aiman be dahabure de monggo jurgan be sindafi, monggo be dasarangga ci deribuhe. terei manggi, monggo jurgan be tulergi golo be dasara yamun obufi, amargi monggo, ice jecen, tubet, huhu noor be gemu dahabuha manggi, uheri gebu be tulergi golo sehe.tulergi golo de daci jihe niyalma nenehe kooli durun be taksifi, amban tesu ba -i da be sonjofi, irgen -i baita be hontoho beye dasabufi, tulergi golo be dasara yamun tesui baita be uheri icihiyaha.
monggoi baita oci, cohome dahaha geren aiman be jakūn gūsa -i songkoi araha gūsa culgan -i durun -i songkoi dahūme banjibufi, borgigite hala wang be ini ejen jasak obufi, manju gūsai wang -ni jergi adalingge cin wang -i tukiyehe gebu bukini seme jiramin kesi isibufi, daicing gurun be sasa kadalaha.
gurun -i deribure de, meyen tome dahaha nenehe ming gurun -i jiyanggiyūn kung yeo de, šang ke si, geng jung ming -i harangga faidan, geli jakūn gūsa -i adalingga faidan seme sirame banjibufi, ice banjibuha meyen be beye ilibufi , ese be tiyan yeo bing (nikan gisun:天祐兵,abka be karmara cooha) / tiyan ju bing (nikan gisun:天助兵, abka be aisilara cooha) obuha. ere ilan nofi be gemu san šūn wang (ilan ijishūn wang) sehe manggi, ijishūn dasan -i uyuci aniya (1652 -ci aniya) kung yeo de bucehe manggi, u san gui dosire jakade, uheri ilan aiman (nikan gisun:三藩) obuha. tutu bicibe, ilan aiman -i facuhūn be necihiyehe manggi, ese nikan cooha be fakcafi ujen cooha banjibufi, ereci amasi nenehe ilan aiman -i babe (yūn nan golo, fugiyan golo, guwangdung golo) gemu han -i harangga oho.
golo
editmanju gebu | nikan gebu | goloi hoton | uheri kadalara amban | uheri kadalara amban i tebungge na | giyarime dasara amban | giyarime dasara amban i tebungge na |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mukden i jiyanggiyūn | 盛京將軍 | |||||
girin ulai jiyanggiyūn[3] | 吉林將軍 | |||||
sahaliyan ula i jiyanggiyūn (sahaliyan ula jergi babe tuwakiyara jiyanggiyūn)[4] | 黑龍江將軍 | |||||
ili jiyanggiyūn | 伊犁將軍 | |||||
dorgi jasak monggo | 內扎薩克蒙古 | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
tulergi jasak monggo | 外扎薩克蒙古 | --- | --- | |||
jyli golo | 直隸省 | bao ding fu | jyli uheri kadalara amban | bao ding fu | --- | --- |
giyangsu golo | 江蘇省 | su jeo fu | giyangnan giyangsi uheri kadalara amban | giyang ning fu | giyangsu giyarime dasara amban | su jeo fu |
an hūi golo | 安徽省 | an cing fu | anhūi giyarime dasara amban | an cing fu | ||
giyangsi golo | 江西省 | nan cang fu | giyangsi giyarime dasara amban | nan cang fu | ||
guwangsi golo | 廣西省 | gui lin fu | guwangdung guwangsi uheri kadalara amban | guwang jeo fu | guwangsi giyarime dasara amban | gui lin fu |
guwangdung golo | 廣東省 | guwang jeo fu | guwangdung giyarime dasara amban | guwang jeo fu | ||
fugiyan golo | 福建省 | fu jeo fu | fugiyan jegiyang ni uheri kadalara amban | fu jeo fu | fugiyan giyarime dasara amban | fu jeo fu |
jegiyang golo | 浙江省 | hang jeo fu | jegiyang giyarime dasara amban | hang jeo fu | ||
taiwan golo | 臺灣省 | tai bei fu | taiwan giyarime dasara amban (1885-1895) | tai bei fu | ||
yūn nan golo | 雲南省 | yūn nan fu | yūnnan guijeo i uheri kadalara amban | yūn nan fu | yūn nan giyarime dasara amban | yūn nan fu |
gui jeo golo | 貴州省 | gui jeo fu | gui jeo giyarime dasara amban | gui jeo fu | ||
hūbe golo | 湖北省 | wu cang fu | hūguwang ni uheri kadalara amban | wu cang fu | hūbe giyarime dasara amban | wu cang fu |
hūnan golo | 湖南省 | cang ša fu | hūnan giyarime dasara amban | cang ša fu | ||
šansi golo | 陝西省 | si an fu | šansi gansu i uheri kadalara amban | si an fu | šansi giyarime dasara amban | si an fu |
g’an su golo | 甘肅省 | lan jeo fu | --- | --- | ||
honan golo | 河南省 | kai feng fu | honan giyarime dasara amban | kai feng fu | ||
sansi golo | 山西省 | tai yiowan fu | sansi giyarime dasara amban | tai yiowan fu | ||
šandung golo | 山東省 | gi nan fu | šandung giyarime dasara amban | gi nan fu | ||
ice jecen golo | 新疆省 | di hūwa fu | ice jecen giyarime dasara amban(1884-1912) | di hūwa fu | ||
sycuwan golo | 四川省 | ceng do fu | sycuwan i uheri kadalara amban | ceng do fu | --- | --- |
abkai aliyangga golo | 奉天省 | abkai aliyangga fu | dergi ilan goloi uheri kadalara amban | abkai aliyangga fu | abkai aliyangga giyarime dasara amban (1907-1910) | abkai aliyangga fu |
girin ula golo | 吉林省 | girin fu | girin giyarime dasara amban (1907-1912) | girin fu | ||
sahaliyan ula golo | 黑龍江省 | lung giyang fu (cicigar hoton) | sahaliyan ula giyarime dasara amban (1907-1912) | lung giyang fu (cicigar hoton) | ||
huhu noor | 青海 | si ning fu | --- | --- | ||
wargi dzang | 西藏 | lasa | --- | --- |
gurun-i ucun
edit1911ci aniya 10 biyai ice 4 de, gung gin eo (nikan gisun:《鞏金甌》, "aisin-i hūntahan akdun beki okini")-be jingkini gurun-i ucun toktobuha, tuttu bime, ninggun inenggi oho daicing gurun-be efulebumbi. ere ucun-i kumun arahangge pu tung, ucunlen arahangge yan' fu. terei onggolo, toktoho jingkini gurun-i ucun akū seme udu ucun-be gurun-i ucun obume baitalahabihe, tese ucun oci,
- 1896ci aniya-ci 1906ci aniya isitala, lii jung tang yo (lii jung tang -ni kumun, nikan gisun:李中堂樂) ,
- 1906ci aniya-ci 1911ci aniya isitala, sung lung ki (muduri kirui maktacun, nikan gisun:頌龍旗).
hūwangdi
edithan -i hala manju gisun de aisin gioro sefi, ere be manju jilgan -i songkoi nikan hergen ubaliyambuci uthai 愛新覺羅. aisin serengge, jušen niyalmai mukdeke aisin gurun, taidzu dergi hūwangdi ilibuha amaga aisin gurun ci jihe mukūn -i gebu, gioro serengge, da fukjin banjiha ba ci jihe hala sere jakade, acame hūlaci, “aisin -i (gese wesihun) gioro hala” sere gisun. daicing gurun -i fonde, geren manjusa gebu be hūlara dabala, hala be hūlarakū.
hūwangdi -i afaha
editgebu | soorin de bisire aniya | aniyai gebu | monggo -i colo | munggan | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
manju gisun | nikan gisun | ||||
nurgaci | 1616-1626 | abkai fulingga | 天命 | Sure Kundulen khan | hūturingga munggan |
hong taiji | 1627-1636 | abkai sure | 天聰 | Богд сэцэн хаан=Bogd Setsen khaan | eldengge munggan |
1636-1643 | wesihun erdemungge | 崇德 | |||
fulin | 1644-1661 | ijishūn dasan | 順治 | Эеэр Засагч хаан=Eyebeer Zasagch Khaan | hiyoošungga munggan |
hiowan yei | 1662-1722 | elhe taifin | 康熙 | Энх Амгалан хаан=Enkh Amgalan khaan | ambalinggū munggan |
in jen | 1623-1735 | hūwaliyasun tob | 雍正 | Найралт Төв хаан=Nairalt Töv khaan | elhe munggan |
hung lii | 1736-1795 | abkai wehiyehe | 乾隆 | Тэнгэрийг Тэтгэгч хаан=Tengeriig Tetgegch khaan | tomohonggo munggan |
yung yan | 1796-1820 | saicungga fengšen | 嘉慶 | Сайшаалт ерөөлт хаан=Saishaalt yeröölt khaan | colgoroko munggan |
min ning | 1821-1850 | doro eldengge | 道光 | Төр Гэрэлт хаан=Tör Gerelt khaan | gūnihangga munggan |
i ju | 1851-1861 | gubci elgiyengge | 咸豐 | Түгээмэл Элбэгт хаан=Tügeemel Elbegt khaan | tokton munggan |
dzai šūn | 1862-1874 | yooningga dasan | 同治 | Бүрэн засагч хаан=Büren zasagch khaan | fulehungge munggan |
dzai tiyan | 1875-1908 | badarangga doro | 光緒 | Бадаргуулт төр хаан=Badarguult tör khaan | wesihun munggan |
pu i | 1909-1912 | gehungge yoso | 宣統 | Хэвт Ёс хаан=Khevt Yos khaan |
fei
editilhi | manju gebu (nikan gisun ci jihengge) | nikan gebu | niyalma | kooli |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | hūwangheo | 皇后 | 1 | hiyoošungga jekdun iletu hūwangheo (gubci elgiyengge hūwangdi i hūwnagheo) |
2 | hūwang guifei | 皇貴妃 | 1 | |
3 | guifei | 貴妃 | ~2 | hiyoošungga gingguji iletu hūwangheo (gubci elgiyengge hūwangdi i guifei) |
4 | fei | 妃 | ~4 | hiyoošungga ambalinggū genggiyen xū hūwangheo (hong taiji i fei) ujengge fei (badarangga doro hūwangdi -i fei) |
5 | pin | 嬪 | ~6 | |
6 | gui žin | 貴人 | ~12 | |
7 | cang dzai | 常在 | ~20 | |
8 | da ing | 答應 | ~28 |
References
edit
- ↑ Tan, Qixiang (1 October 1982). Historical Atlas of China. 8. Beijing: China Map Press. ISBN 978-7-5031-1844-9.
- ↑ Tan, Qixiang (1 October 1982). Historical Atlas of China. 8. Beijing: China Map Press. ISBN 978-7-5031-1844-9.
- ↑ meiren -i janggin yamun -i bithe (1775.3.20) (žiben gisun:カラフトナヨロ惣乙名文書)
- ↑ "ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ ᠵᡝᡵᡤᡳ ᠪᠠᠪᡝ ᡨᡠᠸᠠᡴᡳᠶᠠᡵᠠ ᠵᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᡡᠨ ᠰᠠᠪᠰᡠ᠈ ……"『ᠨᡳᠪᠴᡠ ᡳ ᠪᠣᠵᡳ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ』Фёдор Алексеевич Головин, ᠰᠣᠩᡤᠣᡨᡠ (1689)