This is a guide for creating an article in this Wikipedia. This guide will be translated into three languages, English, Tausug and Tagalog.
Disclaimer: this is not an official guide from the Regulators of the Tausug Language, as it has no official guidelines whatsoever nor any Regulator Organization. Most of this rules are referred from the Malay and Indonesia Language Regulators at this site. Any new improvements are acceptable as long it follows Tausug language phonologically, morphologically and any other language aspects.
Any newly derived/ newly taken loan words shall be listed in this article.
English edit
Tausug is a regional language, native to the Sulu Archipelago. Due to its current situation, the official dictionary of the language is still not sufficient enough to interpret the main idea of words, such as the word "Kawman" has 3 and more similar meaning in English. Hence, an alternative way must be used to deliver the main meaning of a word. Therefore, it is advisable to use loanwords from English, Spanish and Malay languages (Bahasa Malaysia and Bahasa Indonesia). But, do not take the whole words literally as it will violate the phonological rule of this language. Hence, this page will provide a main (but not official) guide to take some loanwords from other languages.
List of Language that is acceptable to take its words as loan words of Tausug edit
- English
- Spanish
- Arabic (for Islamic terms)
- Malay
Use comparative method to compare the newly created loan words with the 4 listed language above.
Phonology edit
Tausug language has 18 consonants and 3 vowels. Some of the loanwords might have a consonant which is not available in Tausug. Follow this rule to preserve the originality of Tausug Phonology.
List of Tausug Letters
| Letter | A | B | CH | D | G | H | I | J | K | L | M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /a/ | /b/,
/β/ |
/t͡ʃ/ | /d/ | /g/,
/ɣ/ |
/h/, /ɦ/ | /i/ | /dʒ/ | /k/ | /l/ | /m/ |
| Letter | N | NG | P | R | S | T | U | W | Y | ' | |
| IPA | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /p/ | /r/, /ɹ/ | /s/ | /t/ | /u/ | /w/ | /j/ | /ʔ/ | |
Vowels edit
it is advised to use the main 3 vowel "/a/, /i/ and /u/" when taking loanwords from other languages. Not only that, try to compare the words with it surrounding languages such as Malay, Indonesian and Filipino. For example,
- President (English) or Presidente (Spanish)
Became "Prisidin" or "Prisidinti".
The 'Schwa' Sounds. (Harmonic soundings is applied)
The 'schwa' sound is not available in Tausug Language, and it can be interpreted with the letter /a/ depends on its harmony.
| Original Word | Loan Words in Tausug |
|---|---|
| ergative (English) | argatip |
| executive (English) | iksakutip |
| manager (English) | manajar
or magpaparagan (tsg) |
| percentage (English) | parsintaj |
| element (English) | iliman |
Any words end with E (silent) turns into A (Like Malay language). (Hormanic soundings is applied)
For one syllable words, make it as two syllables. If the words are already in two syllables, then there are no change needed.
with exception like suffixes -ve becomes -p, not -pa. (example: derivative → diribatip, not diribatipa).
| Original Word | Loan Words in Tausug |
|---|---|
| phase (eng) | pasa
(like Malay, 'fasa') |
| race (ethnic) (eng) | ras vs r (rasa is rejected because Malay words used 'ras' not 'rasa') |
| dance (eng) | dansa |
| garage (eng) or garaje (esp) | garaj |
| zone (eng) | suna |
| province | prubinsa |
| informative | inpurmatip but not inpurmatipa |
Diphthongs
If the word is spelled with two combined vowels but it pronounced as 1 vowel, then it simplified into 1 vowel in Tausug.
| Original Word | Loan Words in Tausug |
|---|---|
| haemoglobin (eng) | himuglubin |
| haemophillia | himupilya |
| haemostasis | himustasis |
If the word is spelled with two combined vowels and it pronounced like a diphthongs, then it copied directly to Tausug, suit with Tausug spelling rules.
| Original Word | Loan Words in Tausug |
|---|---|
| dialysis | dyalisis |
| homeostasis | humiwstasis |
| cornea | kurniya |
Consonants edit
C (pronounced like C in 'Charity') turns into Ch; but
C (pronounced like C in 'Car') turns into K, but
C (pronounced like C in 'Century') turns into S.
| Original Word | Loan Words in Tausug |
|---|---|
| chandelier | chandalyar |
| chocolate | chukulat |
| chancellor | chansalur |
| congress | kungres |
| cornea | kurniya |
| corridor | kuridur |
| cell | sil |
| centrifugal force | kaya sintripugal |
| cerebellum | sirabilum |
F (or any F sounding letter combinations) turns into P
| Original Word | Loan Words in Tausug |
|---|---|
| fanatic (eng) | panatik |
| phase (eng) | pasa (like Malay, 'fasa') |
| flamingo (esp) | plaminggu |
| pharaoh (eng) or firaun (arb) | paruh or pir'awn |
V (or any V sounding letter combinations) turns into B except ending with v, turns into P
| Original Word | Loan Words in Tausug |
|---|---|
| vandalisme (eng) | bandalisma |
| validity (eng) or | baliditi or balididad (or kabunnalan, katunayan) |
| volcano (eng) | bulkanu |
| elective (eng) | iliktip |
| successive (eng) | suksisip |
Z (or any Z sounding letter combinations) turns into J or S depends on its harmony
For example,
- for letter a and o,u (central and back vowels) they become ja and ju.
- for letter e, i and y (front vowels), they become si.
| Original Word | Loan Words in Tausug |
|---|---|
| zone (eng) | suna or juna
(suna is preferred because same with Tagalog) |
| zalim (arb) | jalim not salim |
| zaman (arb) | jaman not saman |
| zealot (eng) | silut or maagama |
| zygote (eng) | sigut |
| zebra (eng) | sibra |
Summary edit
Phoneme Adjustment
No Adjustment
- a
- b
- d
- g
- h
- i
- j
- k
- l
- m
- n
- ng
- p
- ps
- pt
- r
- s
- t
- u
- w
- y (pronounced like y in yoyo)
Adjustment
- ae (not a variation of e) → ay
- ae (variation of e) → e
- ai → ay
- au → aw
- c → k, if in front of a, u, o or consonant
- c → s, if in front of e, i, oe and y
- cc → k, if in front of o, u, and consonant
- cc → ks, if in front of e and i
- ch and cch → k, if in front of a, o, and consonant
- ch → s, if pronounced as s or sy
- ch → c, if pronounced c
- e → i
- e (schwa) → a
- ea → ya
- ei → iy
- eo, eu → iw
- f → p
- gh (arab) → g
- gue → gi
- ie → i
- kh (arab) → h
- o → u
- oe, oi → uy
- oo → u
- ph → p
- q → k
- rh → r
- sc → sk, if in front of a, o, u, and consonant
- sc → s, if in front of e, i, and y
- sch → sk,if in front of vocal
- t → s, in in front of i
- th → t
- ue, ui → uy
- uu → u
- v → b
- v → p (at ending of words)
- x → ks
- xc → ksk, if in front of a, o, u, and consonant
- y → i, if pronounced as i
Affixes edit
Before creating a loan words, try to compare the new derivative words between English and Spanish. Remove the 'gender' of the words, like Spanish with their -o, -e, and -a suffixes. This is because, Tausug nouns do not have gender specifications. Such as:
If the derivative words come from Spanish language, remove the gender suffixes and apply the adjustment.
- territorio → territori (remove the o) → teritori (combine the rr into r) → tirituri (Tausug)
- provincia → probincia (v into b) → probinci (removal of -a) → probinsi (c into s) → prubinsi (Tausug)
- gramatika → gramatik (removal of -a) → gramatik (Tausug)
- presidente → president (removal of e) → presiden (removal of silent consonant) → prisidin (Tausug) or Panguha
Overlapping Derivative
English and Spanish is a two different languages, and some suffixes with same usage are in different form in those two languages. As example:
-ity vs -dad
mentality (Englsh) vs mentalidad (Spanish) → mentaliti? or mintalidat? (Tausug)
probability (English) vs probabilidad → probabiliti? vs prubabilidat? (Tausug)
Thus, to settle this dispute, the Spanish derivative is used because it may help the Tausug people to understand more with Filipino language and might increased their intelligibility.
No Adjustment edit
- -anda, -andum, -endum
- -ar
- -ase, -ose
- -eyn
- -et
- -or
- -ot
With Adjustment edit
- -a → -ø
- -(a)tion, -(a)cion (Spanish) → -(a)si
- -able, -ble → -bel
- -ac → -ak
- -acy, -cy → -asi, -si
- -age → -as
- -air → -er
- -al → -al
- -ance, -ence → -ans, -ens
- -ancy, -ency → -ansi, -ensi
- -ant → -an
- -archy, → -arki
- -ary → -er
- -asm → -asma
- -ate → -at
- -e → -ø
- -end → -en
- -ete, -ette → -et
- -ic, -ique → -ik
- -icle → -ikel
- -ics, -ica → -ik, -ika
- -id, -ide → -ida
- -ief, -ive → -ip
- -iel, -ile, -le → -il
- -ific → -ifik
- -isch, -ic → -ik
- -isch, -ical → -is
- -ism → -isma
- -ist → -is
- -ite → -it
- -ity → -iti
- -logue → -log
- -logy, -logie → -logi
- -o → -ø
- -oid → -oyd
- -ous → -os
- -sion, -tion → -si
- -sy → -si
- -ter, -tre → -ter
- -ty, -teit → -ti
- -ure, -uur → -ur