Wp/mvf/ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ
ᠥᠪᠦᠷ ᠮᠣᠨᠺᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠺᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠤᠨ - ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ (ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠴᠡ)᠃ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠳ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠬᠣᠯᠪᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠵᠠᠯᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠬᠠᠷᠮᠥᠶᠢᠷᠡᠨ᠂ ᠭᠠᠷᠢᠩ᠂ ᠯᠢᠶᠣᠣᠨᠢᠨ᠂ ᠬᠡᠪᠡᠢ᠂ ᠱᠠᠨᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠱᠢᠨᠢᠰᠢ᠂ ᠭᠠᠨᠢᠰᠦ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ᠂ ᠨᠢᠩᠱᠢᠶᠠ - ᠬᠣᠲᠣᠩ ᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠠᠶᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨᠠ᠃ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ᠂ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠣᠮᠣ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠨᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠪᠤᠭᠤ ᠳᠤ᠃ 1947 ᠣᠨ ᠤ 5 ᠰᠠᠷᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 1 ᠍ ᠳᠦ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠᠳ ᠲᠥᠪᠯᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃ 1᠂183᠂000 ᠺᠦᠸᠠᠳ᠋ ᠺᠢᠯᠣᠮᠧᠲ᠋ᠷ (ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠲᠦᠪᠰᠢᠨ ᠳᠦ 3 ᠍ ᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠮᠣ) ᠲᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠲᠠᠢ᠂ 2010 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ 24᠂706᠂321 (23 ᠍ ᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ) ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ᠃ 2000 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠯ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ ᠠᠮᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ 79.17% ᠍ ᠢ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠣᠯᠠᠩᠬᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ᠂ 17.13% ᠍ ᠶᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠲᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ᠂ 3.70% ᠍ ᠶᠢ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠤᠭᠰᠠᠭᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠷᠠ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠨᠠ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠠᠯᠪᠠᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠨᠡᠷᠡ
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ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢᠯᠭᠠᠭᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠪᠦᠬᠦᠢ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠠᠨᠢᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃
- ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠦᠮᠦᠨ 《ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ》 ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ «ᠥᠪᠥᠷ» ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠭᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠯᠠᠭᠠ ᠤᠳᠬᠠ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ ᠠᠴᠠ «ᠠᠷᠤ» ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠢ ᠵᠢᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠭᠤᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠦᠭᠡᠮᠡᠯ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠭᠣᠪᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠢ 《ᠠᠷᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ》᠂ ᠡᠮᠦᠨᠡᠲᠦ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠢ 《ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ》 ᠭᠡᠵᠡᠢ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
- ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ «ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ» ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠳᠡᠭ᠃ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠭᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠳᠣᠷᠭᠢ «ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ»᠂ ᠲᠤᠯᠧᠷᠭᠢ «ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ» ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠯᠠᠮᠵᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠡᠯᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠬᠡᠯᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ᠂ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠷᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠲᠠᠶᠢᠯᠪᠤᠷᠢᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ 《ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ》 ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠬᠦ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠳᠤᠯ ᠪᠤᠢ᠃
ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡ
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ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠠᠩᠬᠠ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠦᠭᠡᠢ᠃ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠠᠷᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ᠂ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ᠂ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠷᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠳᠠᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ᠃ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ᠂ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤ ᠵᠦᠭ ᠲᠦ ᠭᠣᠪᠢ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠮᠠᠯ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠳᠡᠯᠴᠢ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠦᠭᠦᠳ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠭᠠᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠠᠳ᠂ ᠲᠣᠳᠬᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃
ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
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ᠶᠤᠸᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ (ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ) ᠮᠥᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠴᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠮ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠤᠮᠠᠷᠠᠳᠤ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠪ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠡᠬᠢᠨ ᠦ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ (ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠨ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ)᠂ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷᠯᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ᠂ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ᠂ ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ᠂ ᠤᠷᠢᠶᠠᠩᠬᠠᠢ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠳ᠂ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ᠂ ᠶᠦᠩᠰᠢᠭᠡᠪᠦ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠ ᠪᠤᠶᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠣᠨᠤᠩ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠭᠤᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ᠃
1504 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠮᠥᠶᠢᠩᠬᠡ ᠳᠠᠶᠠᠩ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᠭᠡᠳᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠨᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠨᠢ 12 ᠬᠥᠪᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠰᠠᠯᠵᠤ ᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ (ᠣᠳᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠶᠢᠯᠦᠩᠬᠢ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ) ᠣᠳᠬᠣᠨ ᠬᠡᠦ ᠭᠡᠷᠰᠡᠩᠵᠡᠳ ᠣᠴᠢᠵᠤ᠂ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠬᠣᠵᠢᠮ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃
16 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠠᠷᠰᠪᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠵᠢᠨᠦᠩ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠡᠦ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠢ ᠶᠢ ᠤᠯᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ ᠲᠤ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠬᠤ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠴᠣᠯᠠᠲᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠮᠢᠩ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠤᠤᠯᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠳᠣᠪᠲᠣᠯᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠰᠢᠭᠲᠠᠢ ᠨᠥᠬᠥᠴᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠲᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠯᠢᠶᠡᠯᠭᠡᠵᠦ᠂ 1552 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠣᠶᠢᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠢ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠵᠤ᠂ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃ ᠮᠥᠨ 1575 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠰᠯᠡᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠶᠤᠮ᠃ 1577 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠨ ᠲᠥᠪᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠡ ᠯᠦᠭᠪᠠ ᠶᠣᠰᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠡᠬᠡ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠰᠣᠳᠣᠨᠠᠮᠵᠠᠮᠼᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠳᠠᠯᠠᠢ ᠯᠠᠮᠠ ᠴᠣᠯᠠ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ᠴᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ
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17 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠴᠠᠬᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠯᠢᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡ ᠲᠡᠢ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠦᠨᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠳ ᠪᠡᠶᠡ ᠳᠠᠩ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠨ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠡᠪ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠳ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠶᠢ ᠬᠢᠴᠢᠶᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠪᠠᠴᠤ ᠦᠶᠡᠯᠢ ᠨᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠦᠢᠯᠡᠳᠦᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠰᠠᠨᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠡ ᠭᠦᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠬᠣᠷᠴᠢᠨ᠂ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠳ ᠵᠢᠷᠦᠴᠢᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠤᠷᠬᠠᠴᠢ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠲᠤᠷ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠤᠯᠪᠤᠭᠠᠯᠠᠪᠠ᠃ ᠯᠢᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠳᠦ ᠬᠡᠳᠦᠨ ᠢᠯᠠᠭᠳᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ 1634 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠷᠤ ᠤᠬᠤᠷᠢᠵᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠳ ᠭᠠᠨᠢᠰᠦᠳ ᠡᠪᠡᠳᠴᠢᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠨᠠᠰᠤ ᠡᠴᠦᠰᠯᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠬᠥᠬᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠳᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠳᠦ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠮᠲᠦ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠥᠪᠡᠷ ᠢ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠮᠵᠢᠯᠡᠪᠡ᠃ ᠢᠩᠭᠢᠵᠦ ᠣᠳᠣ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠴᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠳᠡᠪᠢᠰᠬᠡᠷ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶᠡᠰ 1691 ᠣᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠬᠠᠯᠬᠠ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠦ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠭᠣᠣᠯᠯᠠᠬᠤ ᠡᠭᠦᠷᠭᠡᠲᠡᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠴᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠣᠣᠷᠠ 49 ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠠᠷᠢᠶᠠᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠶᠣᠰᠣᠭᠠᠷ 17 ᠍ ᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠭᠠᠯᠳᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠱᠣᠭᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ᠂ 18 ᠍ ᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨᠭᠠᠷ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠠᠶᠠᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠶᠠᠪᠤᠯᠴᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃ 19 ᠍ ᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠤᠷᠠᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯ ᠣᠨᠴᠠᠭᠠᠢ ᠬᠥᠭᠵᠢᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ᠃ ᠲᠡᠷᠡ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠸᠠᠩᠴᠢᠨᠪᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠢᠨᠵᠠᠨᠠᠰ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠬᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠲᠦ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠯᠴᠢ ᠲᠦᠷᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠢᠯᠡ᠃ 19 ᠍ ᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠴᠦᠰ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠷᠬᠠᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠳᠤᠭᠤᠶᠢᠯᠠᠩ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠥᠷᠨᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠢᠭᠡ ᠢᠳᠡᠪᠬᠢᠲᠡᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠦᠭᠴᠢ ᠬᠡᠰᠢᠭᠪᠠᠲ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠩᠳᠡ ᠳᠠᠷᠤᠭᠳᠠᠵᠠᠢ᠃
ᠬᠣᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ
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20 ᠍ ᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠬᠢ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠷᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠦᠨᠳᠦᠰᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠥᠳᠡᠯᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠴᠦ᠂ 1911 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠱᠠᠰᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠡᠷᠢᠭᠦᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠠ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ 49 ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠡᠶᠢᠯᠦᠩᠬᠢ ᠨᠢ (ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠰᠤᠳᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠴᠢᠳ 36᠂ 38 ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠭ)᠂ ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ᠂ ᠠᠯᠠᠱᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠲᠤ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠷᠠ ᠣᠷᠣᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠲᠤᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ 1913-1914 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠢ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠦᠯᠳᠡᠨ ᠬᠥᠭᠡᠭᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠢᠯᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠳᠤᠭᠠᠨ ᠡᠭᠦᠰᠬᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ᠃
1915 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ᠂ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠢᠶᠠᠭᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠷᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠬᠦ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠦᠭᠡᠶᠢᠰᠬᠡᠭᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ ᠴᠤᠬᠤᠮ ᠳᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨᠲᠤ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠲᠠᠢ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠣᠷᠣᠰ ᠤᠨ᠂ ᠳᠣᠲᠣᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠨᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠬᠦᠷᠢᠶᠡᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠬᠠᠮᠤᠷᠤᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠲᠣᠬᠢᠷᠠᠯᠴᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨᠠ ᠪᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠢ ᠯᠠᠪᠰᠢᠷᠠᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠦᠰᠡᠯ ᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠳᠦ ᠨᠡᠶᠢᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃
ᠲᠡᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠲᠦᠮᠡᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠦᠷᠭᠦᠯᠵᠢᠯᠡᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠪᠠ᠃ ᠳᠡᠯᠡᠬᠡᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠢ ᠲᠦᠰᠢᠭᠯᠡᠨ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠮᠰᠢᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠤ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠳ ᠴᠢᠷᠮᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠳᠠᠭ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠯ ᠢ ᠳᠡᠮᠴᠣᠭᠳᠣᠩᠷᠣᠪ ᠸᠠᠩ ᠣᠷᠣᠶᠢᠯᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ᠃
1945 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠺᠸᠠᠨᠲᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠠᠷᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠵᠥᠪᠯᠡᠯᠲᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠠᠷᠮᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠲᠤᠰᠠᠯᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠠᠴᠠ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠠᠷᠠᠳ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠳᠤ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠᠬᠠᠨ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠡᠷᠢᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠮᠡᠳᠡᠯ ᠳᠦ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠨᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠ᠃ ᠭᠡᠪᠡᠴᠦ ᠠᠯᠤᠰ ᠳᠣᠷᠣᠨᠠᠲᠤᠳ ᠠᠮᠧᠷᠢᠺᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ᠰᠥᠷᠬᠦ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠴᠢᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠲᠠᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ ᠢ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠬᠡᠬᠦ ᠢᠣᠰᠢᠹ ᠰᠲ᠋ᠠᠯᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠲᠥᠯᠥᠪᠯᠡᠭᠡ ᠬᠡᠷᠡᠭᠵᠢᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠮᠠᠣ ᠵᠡᠳᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠦᠴᠦᠨ ᠠᠬᠢᠨ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ᠃ ᠳᠡᠮᠴᠣᠭᠳᠣᠩᠷᠣᠪ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠪᠤᠰᠤᠳ ᠡᠬᠡ ᠣᠷᠣᠨᠴᠢᠳ 1949 ᠣᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠡᠷᠬᠡ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠨ ᠦ ᠲᠥᠯᠦᠭᠡ ᠲᠡᠮᠡᠴᠡᠭᠰᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠴᠠᠢ᠃ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠵᠠᠬᠢᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠷᠢ
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ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠴᠢᠨ ᠭᠦᠷᠦᠨ 1636 ᠣᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠢ ᠪᠦᠷᠢᠨ ᠡᠵᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠠᠪᠤᠭᠠᠳ 6 ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠵᠤ᠂ ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠶᠢ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠶᠠᠮᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠪᠡᠨ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠵᠤᠷᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠬᠦ ᠪᠣᠯᠵᠠᠢ᠃ ᠡᠨᠡ 6 ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ᠂ ᠵᠢᠷᠢᠮ ᠦᠨ᠂ ᠵᠣᠰᠣᠲᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ᠂ ᠬᠥᠯᠦᠨᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠤᠨ᠂ ᠵᠤᠤ-ᠤᠳᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠠᠪ ᠤᠨ ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠡᠮᠡᠨ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠡᠳᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠴᠢᠭᠤᠯᠭᠠᠨ 1912 ᠣᠨ ᠬᠦᠷᠲᠡᠯᠡ ᠬᠡᠪ ᠢᠶᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠰᠢᠨ ᠲᠣᠭᠲᠠᠨᠢᠵᠤ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠠᠳ ᠳᠤᠮᠳᠠᠳᠤ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠨ ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠤᠨ (1912-1949) ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ 8 ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠤᠨ ᠬᠤᠪᠢᠶᠠᠭᠳᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠨᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ᠂ ᠵᠢᠷᠮᠡᠨ᠂ ᠬᠥᠯᠦᠨᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ᠂ ᠵᠣᠰᠣᠲᠤ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠠᠪ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ (ᠤᠷᠠ ᠳᠤ)᠂ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ (ᠵᠤᠤ-ᠤᠳᠠ)᠂ ᠠᠯᠠᠱᠠᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠬᠠᠨ ᠠᠴᠠ 4 ᠲᠣᠮᠣ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠣᠬᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠲᠠ ᠶᠢ ᠡᠪᠳᠡᠵᠦ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠪᠣᠯᠭᠠᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠪᠥᠭᠡᠳ ᠰᠢᠯᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ᠂ ᠬᠥᠯᠦᠨᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ᠂ ᠪᠠᠶᠠᠨᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ᠂ ᠠᠯᠠᠱᠠᠨ 4 ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠦ᠂ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠣᠷᠳᠣᠰ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ᠂ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨᠴᠠᠪ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠪᠤᠭᠤ ᠳᠤ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (ᠭᠣᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠣᠲ᠋ᠣᠤ ᠭᠡᠨᠡ)᠂ ᠵᠣᠰᠣᠲᠤ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠤᠯᠠᠭᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (ᠭᠣᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠤ ᠴᠧᠹᠡᠩ ᠢ ᠭᠡᠨᠡ)᠂ ᠵᠢᠷᠮᠡᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠦᠩᠯᠢᠶᠣᠣ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ ᠭᠡᠵᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠯᠡᠵᠦ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠨᠠ᠃
ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠺᠣᠮᠮᠤᠶᠢᠨᠢᠰᠲ ᠤᠳᠤᠷᠢᠳᠤᠭᠴᠢ ᠮᠠᠣ ᠶᠠᠫᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠳᠡᠮᠵᠢᠯᠭᠡ ᠶᠢ ᠠᠪᠬᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠲᠤᠯᠠᠳᠠ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠲᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠲᠡᠦᠬᠡᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠥᠭᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠠᠮᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠳᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠤ ᠳᠠᠷᠠᠭᠠ ᠨᠡᠯᠢᠶᠡᠳ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠢ ᠡᠷᠭᠢᠭᠦᠯᠦᠨ ᠥᠭᠬᠦ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠣᠷᠣᠯᠳᠤᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠴᠤ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠭᠤᠷᠢᠰᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠰᠡᠷᠭᠦᠴᠡᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠵᠤ ᠵᠠᠷᠢᠮ ᠬᠡᠰᠡᠭ ᠨᠢ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠨᠤᠭᠤᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠯᠢ ᠳᠦ ᠦᠯᠡᠳᠡᠵᠡᠢ᠃ 19 ᠍ ᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠵᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠤ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯᠴᠤᠳ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠢᠷᠭᠡᠳ ᠲᠦ ᠰᠢᠬᠠᠭᠳᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠢᠰᠢ ᠨᠡᠭᠦᠬᠦ᠂ ᠠᠭᠤᠰᠬᠤ᠂ ᠣᠯᠠᠨ ᠢᠶᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠢᠳᠤᠭᠳᠠᠬᠤ᠂ ᠨᠣᠶᠠᠳ ᠨᠢ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ ᠤᠨ ᠪᠣᠳᠣᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠦᠶᠡ ᠳᠦ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠢᠶᠠᠨ ᠬᠤᠳᠠᠯᠳᠤᠬᠤ᠂ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠮᠤᠵᠢ ᠳᠤ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠤᠲᠤᠭ ᠢ ᠲᠠᠰᠤᠳᠠᠨ ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡ ᠡᠴᠡ ᠰᠢᠯᠲᠠᠭᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠭᠠᠰᠴᠠᠢ᠃ 1891 ᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠬᠢᠲᠠᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠤᠴᠠ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠤᠯᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠭᠴᠢᠳ ᠤᠨ ᠬᠢᠳᠤᠯᠭᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠥᠪᠥᠷ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠤᠨ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠯᠠ ᠪᠠᠷ ᠪᠠᠶᠢᠭᠰᠠᠨ (ᠬᠠᠷᠠᠴᠢᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯᠳᠠᠭᠤ?) 150᠂000 ᠠᠮᠢ ᠦᠷᠡᠭᠳᠡᠭᠰᠡᠨ ᠪᠠᠢ ᠳᠤ
| Ner | # | Konvensional[1] | Kursi Administratif | Hanzi Hanyu Pinyin |
Mongol (Transkripsi dari Mongolian) |
Hun am (2010) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| — Kota setingkat prefektur — | |||||||
| 2 | Bayannur | Distrik Linhe | 巴彦淖尔市 Bāyànnào'ěr Shì |
  (bayannaɣur qota) |
1,669,915 | ||
| 3 | Wuhai | Distrik Haibowan | 乌海市 Wūhǎi Shì |
 (üqai qota) |
532,902 | ||
| 4 | Ordos | Distrik Dongsheng | 鄂尔多斯市 È'ěrduōsī Shì |
 (ordus qota) |
1,940,653 | ||
| 5 | Baotou | Distrik Hondlon | 包头市 Bāotóu Shì |
 (buɣutu qota) |
2,650,364 | ||
| 6 | Hohhot | Distrik Huimin | 呼和浩特市 Hūhéhàotè Shì |
 (kökeqota) |
2,866,615 | ||
| 7 | Ulanqab | Distrik Jining | 乌兰察布市 Wūlánchábù Shì |
 (ulaɣančab qota) |
2,143,590 | ||
| 9 | Chifeng | Distrik Hongshan | 赤峰市 Chìfēng Shì |
 (ulaɣanqada qota) |
4,341,245 | ||
| 10 | Tongliao | Distrik Horqin | 通辽市 Tōngliáo Shì |
 (töngliyao qota) |
3,139,153 | ||
| 12 | Hulunbuir | Distrik Hailar | 呼伦贝尔市 Hūlúnbèi'ěr Shì |
 (kölün-buyir qota) |
2,549,278 | ||
| — Liga — | |||||||
| 1 | Alxa | Alxa Left Banner | 阿拉善盟 Ālāshàn Méng |
 (alašan ayimaɣ) |
231,334 | ||
| 8 | Xilingol | Xilinhot | 锡林郭勒盟 Xīlínguōlè Méng |
 (sili-yin ɣoul ayimaɣ) |
1,028,022 | ||
| 11 | Hinggan | Ulanhot | 兴安盟 Xīng'ān Méng |
 (hingɣan ayimaɣ) |
1,613,250 | ||
- ↑ Zhōngguó dìmínglù 中国地名录 (Beijing, Zhōngguó dìtú chūbǎnshè 中国地图出版社 1997); ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.