User:Chabi/chn/Vocabulary

EAGER-hyas ticky. EACH-kopet ikt. EAGLE-chakchak. EAR-kwolann. EARLY-tenas sun. (little day) EARNEST-skookum tumtum. (feel big, feel strong) I would tend to favour delate for earnest, at least in its context as sincere. EARN, TO-tolo. EARTH-illahee. EAST-kah sun yaka chako. (where the sun/day he comes) EASTER-pak paska. This may be a misprint, with the comma missing; either word is a borrowing from the French pasques. EASY-halo kull. (not hard) It appears that kull parallels its English equivalent hard in being applicable to physical hardness as well as difficulty. As with much of the Jargon, many concepts are formed through a negative construction using halo or wake. EAT, TO-muckamuck. Also means to drink. EATABLE-kloshe kopa muckamuck. (good to eat) Also means good to drink or potable. EBB TIDE-chuck yaka klatawa. (the water it goes) EDUCATE-mamook kumtux. (to make known, to make understanding) EFFECT-(v.) mamook. EFFECTS-(n.) iktas. EFFEMINITE-kahkwa kloochman. (like a woman) The word burdash - gelding, hermaphrodite - could also be used to indicate a lack of masculinity. EFFICIENT-skookum; kloshe. EGG-lesap; lesap; hen olallie. (hen berry) EIGHT-stotekin; kwinnum pe klone; eight. (five and three) EIGHTEEN- tahtlum pe stotekin. (ten and eight) EIGHTY-stotekin tahtlum. (eight tens) EIGHT HUNDRED-stotekin tukomonuk. (eight hundreds) EITHER-OR- klonasklonas. Shaw gives this as a joined word, but he must mean it as a separable form like either/or itself - unless prefacing a pair of words by klonasklonas had the same effect. EJECT-mahsh klahananie. (to put/throw outside) ELDER-elip. ELDER BROTHER-kahpo. ELEGANT- hyas kloshe. (very good) ELEVATE-mamook saghaiie. (to make above) ELK-moolock; mooluk. ELOQUENT- kumtux wawa. (knows how to speak) ELSE-huloima. (other, different) The use of kopet as a conjunctive version of else seems more appropriate; what Shaw must mean here is in the sense of or else.....in which case the form would be pe huloima - and differently. ELUDE-ipsoot, klatawa. (hide going) I think the comma must be a misprint here, as the meaning of elude would not be conveyed by either of these words alone. EMBARK-klatawa kopa canim, boat; ship. (go in the canoe, boat, ship) EMBLEM-kahkwa picture. (like a picture) it is interesting that there was no Jargon word to express the concept of totemic or heraldic emblems, given the importance of such symbology in Coastal society. EMBRACE-iskum kopa lemah. (to take in the hand/arms, to hold in the hand/arms) Iskum kopa tatoosh or iskum kopa yakwahtin might convey more intimacy or contact. EMOTION-cly tumtum; kahkwa cly. (feel like crying, like crying) The older slightly-negative context of emotion here is evident in Shaw's Chinook translation; obviously klee tumtum, hee-hee tumtum, kloshe tumtum, or corresponding variants with kahkwa would be suitable for other emotions. EMPLOYER-tyee; boss. EMPTY-halo ikta mitlite. (There is nothing there) Halo pahtl or wake pahtl - not full - are given in other lexicons. ENACT-mamook. (do, make) ENCIRCLE-ikt yahwa, ikt yahwa, ikt yahwa, pe mamook kow. (one there, one there, one there, then make it tied) Obviously Shaw's context here is tactical, as in placing persons around an objective, as in hunting, war, or capturing a horse. To make a circle might be conveyed by mamook lowullo - to make round, to make a circle; to draw a circle might be mamook tzum lowullo - to make a circular mark. ENCLOSE-mamook keekwulee. (to make beneath) I do not know why Shaw would not have given mamook ikpooie - make shut - or mahsh ikpooie - put it somewhere hidden/shut. END-opoots. Other senses of English end might be conveyed by kopet mamook, kopet wayhut, etc. ENDEAVOR- ticky mamook. (to want to do) The sense here is verbal. An endeavour would simply be mamook - deed, work. ENDLESS-kwonesum. ENDURE-kwonesum mamook; kwonesum mitlite. (always do, forever be) ENEMY-solleks tillikum; mesachie tillikum. (anger person, bad person) ENERGY-skookum mamook. (strongly do, powerful deed) ENGLAND-King George Illahee. ENGLISH, ENGLISHMAN-King Chautsh; King George tillikum. King George man or kingchautshman were also widely used. ENGRAVE-mamook tzum. (make a mark) Mamook cut tzum would seem to be more specific, or mamook cut (kahkwa) picture. ENJOY-mitlite kloshe tumtum. (to be feeling good) ENLARGE-mamook hyas. (to make big, to make great) ENOUGH-kopet hiyu; hiyu; kopet. ENQUIRE-wawa; ask; ticky kumtux. (speak; ask; to want to know) ENRAGED-solleks. ENSLAVE-mamook elite. (to make a slave) ENSLAVED-(pas.) chako elite. (to be a slave, to become enslaved) ENTER-klatawa keekwulee, klatawa inside. (to go down/below, to go inside) The former would perhaps have been used in reference to ships and Indian houses, which were often pit-dwellings. The latter would refer to a European-style house, the concept of inside being an introduced one like doors and windows. ENTERTAIN-(as a guest) kloshe nanitch. (to look good, to appear good) This does not seem apt to the task of entertaining guests; perhaps what Shaw meant was the host putting on a good show. Mamook klee, mamook heehee and other terms would refer to making someone happy. ENTIRE-konaway. ENTRAP-iskum kopa trap. (to hold in a trap) The passive would be chako kopa trap - to become entrapped - or mitlite kopa trap - to be entrapped. ENUMERATE-mamook kunsih; mamook tzum. (to make how many, to make marks) Mamook kwunnum also seems appropriate. EPILEPSY-sick, kahkwa clazy. I think the use of all three words - as in sick, like crazy - here would convey the meaning, rather than either sick or kahkwa clazy by themselves. EQUAL- kahkwa. (like, as, the same) Delate kahkwa - exactly alike, truly the same - would emphasize the notion of equality, as might konaway kahkwa. ERECT-mitwit; delate. (standing; upright, straight) Shaw gives these as separate words, but combined the meaning is more specific. ESCAPE-chako klahanie (for first or second persons); klatawa klahanie (for third person); klatawa. (become outside; go outside) Note th difference in contexts - it seems that the third person version refers to someone getting away from the speaker. ESCORT-(v.) klatawa kunamokst pe kloshe nanitch. (to go together but to watch well; to both go but to keep a lookout) The meaning here of course relates to travel rather than social escort, except in an ideomatic way. ESTIMATE-(n.) tumtum. (feeling, thought) ESTIMATE-(v.) mamook tumtum. (to make a feeling, to make a thought) ETERNAL-kwonesum. EULOGIZE-wawa kloshe wawa. (to speak good words) EVACUATE-mamook halo; konaway klatawa klahanie. (to make nothing, to make empty; everything go outside) EVE-tenas polaklie. (little darkness) Chako polaklie - becomes dark - would apply to twilight. In the sense of eve as night before, elip polaklie or polaklie elip might be appropriate. EVEN-konoway kahkwa; kloshe. (everything same; good) EVENING-tenas polaklie. (little darkness) Chako polaklie - becomes dark - would apply to twilight. EVER, EVERLASTING-kwonesum. EVERY-konaway. The concept of each would be better expressed by using kopet, as in kopet ikt. EVERYHERE-konaway kah. EVICT-mash klahanie. (to throw outside) Shaw's spelling of mahsh here is probably only a misprint. EVIL-masachie. This word is usually spelled mesachie; this is probably a misprint. EXACT-delate. EXAGGERATE-wake siah kliminawhit. (not far from a lie, not far from lying) The usual use of exaggerate as making something sound more than it was might have to be explained; Shaw's context here is that of a tall tale. EXALT-mamook saghalie; mamook hyas. (to make high up, to make great) The use of this word was apparently in a religious context only. EXALTED-(pas.) chako saghalie; klatawa »aghalie; chako hyas. (to become high up, to go high up; to become great) EXAMINE-delate nanitch. (to see truly, to see straight) EXCEED-chako elip hiyu. (to become more than many, more than enough) EXCEL-elip kloshe. (more than good) EXCELLENT-hyas kloshe. (greatly good) EXCEPT-(prep.) kopet. (but for, only) Pe would also have been used in some cases. EXCESS-elip hiyu. (more than many, more than enough) EXCHANGE-huyhuy. EXCITE-mamook hyas yaka tumtum. (to make someone feel very much) EXCLAIM, EXCLAMATION-skookum wawa; wawa. (big words, words). See Interjections & Exclamations for context-specific exclamations. EXCLUDE, EXCOMMUNICATE-mahsh klahanie. (to throw outside, to put outside) EXCUSE-mamook klahowya. (to make mercy) EXECUTE-mamook memaloose. (to make dead) EXERCISE, EXERT-mamook. (to make, to do) EXHALE-mahsh wind. (to expel breath) EXHAUST-mamook till. (to make tired) NB this is not in the context of to use up, which would be mamook wagh or mamook wake/halo or something similar. EXHAUSTED-(pas.) chako delate till; wake siah memaloose kopa till. (to become really tired, not far from dead from being tired) EXHORT-skookum wawa; wawa skookum. (big words, speak strongly) EXILE-(v.) or EXPATRIATE-mahsh klahanie kopa yaka illahee. (to throw out from one's country) EXIST-mitlite. EXPEDITE-mamook hyak. (to do quickly) EXPEL-mahsh. EXPEND-pay; potlatch. (to pay, to give) EXPERT-delate yaka kumtux. (one who really knows; he really knows/understands) EXPIRE-memaloose; mahsh konaway yaka wind. (to die; to expel all his breath) EXPLAIN-mamook kumtux. (to make understood) EXPLORE-klatawa pe nanitch. (to go and to look) EXPRESS-(v.) wawa. (to speak, to say) Express as an adjective would be delate.; as a noun it would be hyak tlen, hyak latleh - fast train - hyak chikchik - fast wagon/stage. EXQUISITE-delate kloshe. (truly good) EXTEND-mamook hyas. (to make larger/longer) EXTENDED-(pas.) chako hyas. (to become larger/longer) EXTENSIVE-hyas. (large, long) EXTERIOR-klahanie. EXTERMINATE, EXTINGUISH-mamook halo; mahsh. (to make nothing; to put out) EXTRAORDINARY-hyas huloima. (very different, very strange) EXTRAVAGANT-cultus mahkook iktas. (unnecessarily bought things) EYE, EYEBALL-seeowist. This term did not distinguish between the eyes and the face. EYELASH-skin kopa seeowist. (skin over the eyes) EYEWATER- lametsin kona seeowist. (medicine for the eyes) EYEWITNESS-man yaka delate nanitch. (man who truly saw, man who saw straight)

FABLE-wake delate wawa. (not straight words) This might be apt only for parables or half-truths. The magical or legendary sense of fable might be conveyed by tamanass wawa. FABRIC-iktas. (stuff) Paseese was more commonly used to mean cloth. FACE-seeowist. This term did not distinguish between the eyes and the face. FACILITY-halo kull. (not hard, not difficult) FACT-delate wawa. (straight words, true words) FADE-chako spooh. (to become faded) FADED- spooh. (faded, any light colour) FAGGED-chako till. (to become tired) FAIR-kloshe. (good) FALL-fall down; mamook whim. Shaw here means to clarify fall as in to fall down, as opposed to fall as in autumn, i.e. fall down is not meant to be read as a Chinook term. FALSE, FALSEHOOD-kliminawhit; tseepie. The former is explicitly to lie; the latter has the sense of a mistake or error. FAME-hyas nem. (great name, mighty reputation) FAMILY tillikums. In this sense a qualifying preposition would have been used - e.g. yaka tillikums (his/her people) or naika tillikums (my people). In the tribal sense, someone's people was their family. FAMISH-wake siah memoloose kopa olo. (not far from dead from hunger) FAR-siah. FARM-illahee. That is to say, someone's land, yaka illahee, maika illahee, etc.; farmland as a quality of terrain was specified by kloshe illahee. FARTHER-elip siah. (more far) FARTHEST-elip siah kopa konaway. (more far from everything) FAST-(tight) kwult; hyas kull. (pushed, squeezed; very hard) FAST-(quick) hyak. FASTEN-mamook kow. (to make tied) FAT-glease. FATHER-papa. FATHOM-itlan. FATIGUE-till. FATTEN-mamook glease. Shaw must mean to put fat on something; to make an animal grow fatter would more appropriately be mamook skookum kopa hiyu muckamuck - to make larger by lots of feeding. FAULT-wake delate mamook. (not correctly done) The sense of blame or guilt does not seem to be Shaw's intent. FAVOR-kloshe tumtum. (to intend good, to mean well) To do a favour would be mamook kloshe. FAWN-tenas mowitch; mowitch yaka tenas. (a small deer; a deer her young) FEAR-kwass. FEARLESS-halo kwass. (no fear) FEAST-muckamuck; hiyu muckamuck. (dinner, food; many people at dinner, lots of food) The ceremonial-social native feast was the potlatch, or hyas potlatch. FEATHER-kalakala yaka tupso. (bird its hair) FEEBLE-wake skookum; halo skookum. (not strong, without strength) FEED-potlatch muckamuck. (to give food) FEEL-(with hand) kumtux kopa lemah. (to know by the hand) FEEL-(with heart) sick tumtum. (to feel sick) Again, as with his translation of emotion, the negative connotation of having feelings is evident in Shaw's rendering; tumtum by itself meant to feel in an absolute sense, without any specific emotion implied. FEET-lapea. An alternate spelling, lepee, does not capture the prononciation of the original French le pied quite so well. FELL, TO-(as a tree) mamook whim. (to make fall) FELLOW-tillikum. Shaw means a person generically, as in somebody. The period phrase hail, fellow! would have used sikhs instead of tillikum, which some whites misconstrued to mean friend. FEMALE-klootchman. FERMENT-kahkwa liplip; chako waum. (to make boil/bubble; to become warm) The process of distilling bootleg booze seems to be referred to here. FENCE-kullagh; kullahan; pence. FEROCIOUS-hyas ticky pight; delate kumtux pight. (really wants/likes to fight; truly knows how to fight) FERVENT, FERVOR-waum tumtum. FESTER-chako sick pe chako hyas. (to become sick and to become large) Chako mesachie pe chako hyas might also be appropriate, especially for serious wounds. FESTIVAL-hyas kloshe time; hiyu muckamuck. (very good time; lots of food, big feast) The terms Sunday and hyas Sunday were also used to refer to holidays in general, with the latter especially for major holidays such as Christmas and Easter and "the July". FETCH-lolo; mamook chako. (to carry; to make brought) FEVER-waum sick. (warm sickness) Although this referred to fevers in general, malaria was very common in the frontier-era Northwest. FEVER AND AGUE-cole sick; waum sick. (cold sickness; warm sickness) FEW-wake hiyu; tenas. (not many; a small number) FIB-kliminawhit. (lie) FICTION-wake delate wawa. (not straight words) FIELD-illahee. FIEND-mesachie tahmahnawis. (evil spirit) FIERCE-hyas ticky pight. (really wants to fight) FIFTEEN-taktlum pe kwinnum. (ten and five) FIFTY-kwinnum tahtlum. (five tens) FIGHT, TO-mamook solleks; pight; mamook pukpuk. (to make anger; to fight; to make a fist-fight) FIGHT-(with fists) mamook pukpuk. FIGURED-(as calico) tzum. (marked, marks) FILE-la leem. FILL, TO-mamook pahtl. (to make full) FILTHY-mesachie; humm; cultus. FIN-pish yaka lemah. (fish his hand/arm) FIND, TO-klap. FINE-(adj.) kloshe. FINE-(v.) mamook fine. I am not sure if Shaw means here to fine someone, as in law, or to make a knife-edge fine. FINGERS-le doo; lemah. FINGER RING-kweokweo. FINISH-mamook kopet. (to make end) This is a verbal sense; the finish of something would be simply kopet. FIR-moola stick. (mill wood, mill tree) Fir was the most highly prized wood for the lumber industry, and still is. FIRE-piah; olapitski. FIREPLACE-kah piah mitlite. (where fire is, where fire lives) FIRM-skookum. Firm in the sense of texture would have been kull or kahkwa stone. FIRST-elip. FIRST BORN-elip tenas. (first child) FISH-pish. FISHERMAN-pishman. FISHERY-kah pish mitlite; kah iskum pish. (where fish live, where fish are held) Shaw here means a fish hatchery or a good place to fish. The modern sense of fishery as an institution was unknown. FISHHOOK-pishhook; ikkik. FISHLINE-pish lope. (fish rope) FISHROD-pish stick. (fish stick) FISHY-kahkwa pish. (like a fish) FISTS-lemah kahkwa (hands the same as) FIT-kahkwa clazy. (as though crazy, like crazy) FIVE-kwinnum. FIVE HUNDRED-kwinnum tukamonuk. (five hundreds) FIX-mamook kloshe. (to make good) FLAG-sail; flag; hyas Sunday sail. FLEA-sopen inapoo; chotub. FLESH-itlwillie; meat. FLIES-tenas kalakala; lemosh. (little bird, little flying thing) I have not seen lemosh anywhere else; it appears to be a French/Michif loan-word. FLIMSY-wake skookum. (not strong) FLING-mahsh. (to throw) The festive sense of fling is not intended here. FLINT-kilitsut. FLOAT-mitlite saghalie kopa chuck. (to be on top of the water, to be above the water) FLOCK-hiyu sheep; kalakala. (many sheep; many birds) Kalakala may have been able to be used in the plural sense here, without need of hiyu. FLOOD-hiyu chuck. (much water) FLOUR-sapolil; klimmin sapolil. Klimmin sapolil would have been finely-ground. FLOW- klatawa. (to go, to move) FLOWERS-kloshe tupso. (good grass) FLUID-kahkwa chuck. (like water, same as water) FLY-(v.) mamook fly; kawak. FOAL-(n.) tenas kuitan. (little horse, young horse) Tenas cayoosh would have been used in some areas. FOAL-(to be with) (v.) klootchman kuitan yaka mitlite tenas. (female horse she is with young) To foal, i.e. in the sense of giving birth, would be klootchman kuitan yaka mahsh tenas. FOG-smoke; cultus smoke. (harmless smoke, ordinary smoke) FOLKS-tillikums. FOLLOW-klatawa kimtah. (to go behind, to go after) FOLLY-kahkwa pelton. (like crazy, as a fool) FOOD-muckamuck. FOOL-pelton. FOOLISH, FOOLHARDY-kahkwa pelton. (like crazy, as a fool) FOOT-lepee. It is interesting that Shaw gives lapea for the plural; there is no difference in French prononciation between le pied and les peids. FOOTSTEPS, FOOTPRINT-kah leepee mitlite (showing how teawhit.) (where the foot was) I do not understand the distinction Shaw is trying to explain here; teawhit referred to the leg as well as the foot. I cannot see why the use of one over the other would refer to showing how over the artifact. FOR-kopa. FORBEAR-kopet. (stop, wait) FORBID-wawa kloshe kopet. (to say stop) FORD-kah kloshe nesika klatawa enati kopa chuck. (where good we go across the water) FOREFATHER- ahnkuttie papa. (father of ancient times) FOREIGN-huloima. (strange, different, other) FORENOON-elip sitkum sun. (almost mid-day) FOREST-kah hiyu stick mitlite. (where there are many trees) FORETELL-wawa elip. (to speak before) FOREVER-kwonesum. FORGET, TO-mahlie; mahsh tumtum; kopet kumtux. (to throw away thoughts/feelings; to stop thinking/thoughts) FORGIVE-mamook klawhowya. (to make mercy, to do kindness) FORK-la pooshet. FORMER-elip. FORMERLY-ahnkuttie. FORSAKE-mahsh. FORTNIGHT-mokst Sunday. (two Sundays) I do not know why Shaw would not also have given mokst week, as week was also a Chinook term. FORTUNATE-kloshe. FORTY-lakit tahtlum. (four tens) FOR WHAT-pe kahta. SIZE=-2>(but why) FOUL-cultus. FOUND-klap. FOUR-lakit; lokit. FOURTEEN-tahtlum pe lakit. (ten and four) FOUR HUNDRED-lakit tukamonuk. (four hundreds) FOWL-la pool. FOX-talapus, hyas opoots talapus. (big tailed coyote) Tenas talapus - small coyote - was occasionally used, although this would tend to mean a coyote kit. FRANCE-Pasiooks illahee. (cloth people land) Historically, this is a bit ironic, as the original Pasiooks were the Metis voyageurs, whose connection with France was very remote. FRATERNAL-kahkwa ow. (like brothers) FREE-halo elite. (not a slave, not enslaved) FREEZE-hyas cole. (great cold, very cold) I think Shaw here must mean a freeze, as in a cold snap, as opposed to to freeze, which would have been mamook hyas cole or chako hyas cole, depending on whether the active or passive sense of the verb was meant; mitlite hyas cole would mean to be frozen in the sense of something that already was. FRENCH, FRENCHMAN-Pasiooks. Again, this term was derived from the legacy of the fur company voyageurs, but became applied to all French-speakers. FREQUENTLY-hiyu times. (Many times) FRESH-chee. (new) In the sense of vegetables, meat, or fruit, this might also have simply been kloshe - good. FRET-tenas solleks. (small anger) FRIDAY-kwinnum sun. (fifth day) The days of the week in Jargon were referred to by number, with Monday being ikt sun. FRIEND-sikhs tillikum. (friend person) FRIENDLY-kloshe tumtum; kahkwa tillikum. (feels good; like a person) The latter ideom may be partly the origin of the mistranslation of tillikum as friend. FRIENDLESS-halo tillikum. (without people, without kin) This also may be partly the origin of the mistranslation of tillikum as friend. FRIGHTEN-mamook knass. (to make afraid) This must be a misprint, with kwass meant instead of knass. FRIGHTENED-(pos.) chako knass. (to become afraid) This must be a misprint, with kwass meant instead of knass. FROG-shwah-kuk; wakik. FROLIC-heehee. (fun, laughter) FROLICSOME-pahtl kopa heehee. (full of fun, full of laughter) FROM-kopa. FROWN-kahkwa solleks. (as if angry, like anger) This would best be expressed by the inclusion of seeohwist - face - or lapush - mouth. A frown in sadness or sorrow would use kahkwa sick tumtum. FRY, TO-mamook piah; mamook cook; mam-ook la'po-el. (to make fired; to make cooked; to make fried) La'po-el resembles lapellah. but refers to frying rather than roasting. FRYING PAN-la po-el. FUEL-piah stick. (fire wood) Coal was relatively unknown as a fuel, despite its abundance in some areas of the Northwest; it may have been klale stone or piah stone or something similar. FULL-pahtl. FUN-heehee. FUND-chikamin; dolla. To fund would have been potlatch chikamin or potlatch dolla. FUNERAL-lolo; mahsh memoloose tillikum kopa memoloose illahee. (to carry; to put the dead person in the land of death/graveyard) Shaw here appears to mean that lolo might be used in place of mahsh - to carry the dead to the graveyard. FUR-eena tupso. (beaver hair) Shaw here appears to mean only beaver pelts, which were the most valuable after that of the nawamuks, the sea otter. FURNITURE-iktas. (stuff, belongings) The all-purpose nature of this word - literally things - embraces household furnishings as well as clothing. FURTHERMOST, FURTHEREST-elip siah kopa konaway. (more far from everything) FUTILE-cultus. (useless, wasted) Another usage might well be mamook kopa wake/halo - done for nothing; the equivalent with cultus would be cultus mamook - useless deed. Other words than mamook might be used depending on context - wawa, klatawa, etc. FUTURE-alki; by-by; winapie. The immediate future was expressed by laly alki; by-by shared this meaning of soon. GAB, GABBLE-wawa. (words, speech) GAD-moosmoos stick; gad. (cattle stick) Shaw of course means a cattle prod. GAIN-tolo. Also means to win and to earn. GALLOP, TO-kwalalkwalal; hyak klatawa. (to go quickly) GAMBLE-gamble; mamook gamble; mamook itlokum; heehee lemah (with disks) chis chis; itlokum. GAME-heehee. (fun, laughter) GARMENTS-iktas. GAS-(n.) kahkwa wind. (like wind, like breath) GASH-(v.) mamook cut; mamook kokshut. (to make a cut, to make a wound/break) GASP-hyas kull spose yaka iskum yaka wind; wake siah lost yaka wind. (really hard if he takes his breath; not far from losing/lost wind) GATHER-iskum; hokumelh. GAY-kloshe; heehee. (good; happy/fun) The modern sense of the word gay is of course not intended. GAZE-skookum nanitch. (big look, strong look) The archaic sense of gaze is more intent, as in stare as opposed to idle or passive looking. GENDER-is distinguished by prefixing the word man for male, and klootchman for female. This comment is Shaw's. GENERAL-hyas tyee. (great chief, mighty chief) The sense here is only military; the adjectival meaning of general would have to be derived from words such as konaway, cultus, etc. depending on context. GENEROUS-kloshe kopa cultus potlatch. (good with gifts) GENTLE-halo wind; kwan. The first reference here means without wind, but can also mean without breath, i.e. dead; Shaw is intending it here in reference to the elements. GENUINE-delate. (real, true, correct) GET, TO-iskum. GET OUT-klatawa; mahsh. GET UP-mamook getup; getup. GHOST-tahmahnawis; skookum. (spirit, big) Shaw's use of skookum here refers to legends of a giant demon among Interior peoples; it is more commonly a neutral word without supernatural meaning, unlike tamahnawis, which always carries supernatural overtones. GIANT-delate hyas man. (really large man) Delate skookum man would also be appropriate. GIFT-cultus potlatch. (meaningless gift, useless gift) The sense here is of humility in the receiver, the giver, and/or the gift itself. It appears that potlatch by itself carried a meaning of counter-obligation that the word cultus obviates by removing the sense of worth from the gift, or the giver. GIGGLE-heehee. (laughter) While tenas heehee may provide the diminutive sense implied by the English giggle, native laughter of the period was probably more like giggling than it was like the uproarious laughter of Americans and Brits. GILT-kahkwa pil chikamin. (like gold) Context here might also lead to mean copper-plated or copperish. GIPSY-huloima tillikum. (strange person, stranger, i.e. a wanderer) I do not think Shaw was meaning Gipsy in the ethnic sense; had they been in the frontier-era Northwest they could well have been Romany man or Romany tillikums. or perhaps tinker man, tinker tillikums. Like other ethnic Europeans, had there been any in the region as individuals they would have been included in the catch-all designation dutchman. GIRL-tenas klootchman. (little woman) GIRLISH-kahkwa tenas klootchman. (like a little woman) GIVE, TO-potlatch. GLAD-kwann, youtl tumtum; kwatl. GLARE-skookum light. (big light, strong light) Shaw here is meaning an effect of the light. To glare would be skookum nanitch or hyas nanitch. GLEAM- tenas light. (little light) Towagh, tenas towagh, or kahkwa towagh - shining, little shining, like shining - might also be suitable depending on context; Shaw seems to be referring to dawn or evening twilight. GLEE-heehee. (Laugher, fun) Klee was also used. GLOOM-polaklie. Also means night, evening, and darkness. GLOOMY-kahkwa polaklie (like night.) The translation is Shaw's. GLORIOUS-hyas kloshe. (greatly good) GLORY-hyas kloshe nem. (greatly good name) GNATS-dago; lemus. GNAW-muckamuck; muckamuck kahwaeena. (to eat like a beaver) GO, TO-klatawa. GOBLIN-tahmahnawis; tsiatko. (spirit, demon) GOD-Saghalie Tyee. (Above Chief, the Chief Above) GODLESS-halo ticky Saghalie Tyee. (without desire for God, does not want God) GODLIKE, GODLY-Kahwka Saghalie Tyee. (like God) GOLD-pil chikamin. (red metal) This term was also used for copper. GOLDEN-kahkwa pil chikamin. (like gold, like copper, like red metal) GOOD-kloshe. GOOD-BYE-klahowya. GOOD SPIRIT-kloshe tahmahnawis. GOODS-iktahs. (things, stuff, belongings) GOOSE-kalakala; whuywhuy; kalakalahma. The first is birds in general. GORE-(n.) pilpil; (v.) mamook kokshut pe pilpil yaka chako. (blood;, to make broken/wounded and blood it comes) GOSPEL-Saghalie Tyee yaka wawa. (God, His word.) This is Shaw's translation, and is exact. GOVERN-mamook tyee. (to act as a chief/lord) GOVERNOR-tyee. (chief, lord) GRACEFUL-kloshe. (good, nice) GRADUATE-(v.) kopet kopa school. (to finish at school) This could conceivably also mean to quit school, although that might better be klatawa kopa school, while to be expelled would have been mahsh kopa school, although both these terms could simply have meant to go to school or to be sent to school. GRAIN-sapolil. (flour) When speaking of grain as opposed to flour, this was usually used specifically to mean wheat rather than other grains - oats, for example, would have been specifically referred to as lawhen. GRAND-hyas kloshe. (very good, greatly good, mighty nice) GRAND CHILD-tenas yaka tenas; koim. (child his/her child) GRANDDAUGHTER-tenas yaka tenas klootchman. (child his/her child woman) GRANDFATHER-papa yaka papa; chope. (Papa of his papa.) (father his father) GRANDMOTHER-mama yaka mama; ohitish; nitz. (mother her mother) GRANDSON-tenas yaka tenas man (Son of his son) (child his child man) GRANT-potlatch. (give) GRASS-tupso; tupso kopa illahee. (grass in the field) GRASSHOPPER-tlak tlak. GRATEFUL-(adj.) mahsie tumtum. (to feel thanks) GRATEFUL-(v.) wawa mahsie. (to say thanks) GRAVE-memaloose illahee. (death land, dead earth) GRAVESTONE-stone kopa memaloose illahee. (stone in the dead ground, stone on the grave) GRAZE-muckamuck tupso. (to eat grass) GREASE-glease; laklee. GREASY-kahkwa glease. (like grease) GREAT-hyas. GREEDY-ticky konaway; hyas ticky. (wants everything, wants greatly) GREEN-pechugh; (pale green) kawkawak. GREET-wawa. The syntax here would be something like naika mamook wawa kopa yaka - I made words to him. Mamook klahowya - make greeting, beg alms - is also suitable. GRAY-(a gray horse) legley. GRIND-(as flour) mamook sapolil; mamook klimmin-klimmin; (as ax) mamook sharp; mamook klosh. (make flour; make very fine; make sharp, make good) Grinding a knife or axe might preferably be tshish-tshish or mamook tshish-tshish. GRIT-tenas stone; kahkwa stone. (little stones, like stone) Stone polallie - stone powder - might also have been used. Stone kahkwa lepwah or stone lepwah - stone like peas or stone peas - or stone olallie or stone kopa olallie - stone berries or stone like berries - also seem possible depending on the grade of grit referred to. GRIZZLY-bear; siam. Hyas itswoot - chief of bears, great bear - was also widely used. GROUND-illahee. GROUSE-glouse; siwash chicken; siwash lapool. (Indian chicken, Indian fowl) GROW-chako hyas. (to become large, to become great) Chako skookum might also be appropriate, especially of male children. The grass grows would simply be chako tupso or tupso chako. GROWL, GRUMBLE-solleks wawa. (angry words) Kamooks yaka wawa - dog his speech - hyas puss-puss yaka wawa - cougar his speech - or itswoot/siam yaka wawa - bear his speech - would be correct in the given circumstances. GUARD-kloshe nanitch. (watch well) This is a verb; the noun would be man yaka kloshe nanitch or man yaka nanitch. GUARDIAN-man yaka kloshe nanitch tenas. (man who watches well child/ren) This is a non-native context; women in native societies were equally regarded as suitable guardians, if not the preferred ones. GUARD HOUSE-skookum house. (strong house, big house) This term was also used for jail or prison. GUESS-mika tumtum; guess. (you feel/think) GUILT-mesachie (bad, evil) More specific would be something like naika tumtum mesachie - I think bad, I meant evil. GUM-la gome. This was in reference to pitch; I do not know if it was used for chicle, i.e. chewing gum. GUN-musket; sukwalal. GUNPOWDER-polallie. (powder) Commonly used by itself, but more specific would be polallie kopa musket - powder for guns - or piah polallie - fire powder.

HA-nah. See Interjections and Exclamations for context-specific exclamations. HAIL-cole snass. (cold rain) Kull snass - hard rain - might also be appropriate. HAIR-tupso; tupso kopa latet; yakso. (grass on the head) HAIR BRUSH-tupso bloom. (hair broom) HALF-sitkum. HALF-BREED-sitkum siwash; sitkum Boston. (half Indian; half American) This could just as easily be sitkum dutchman, sitkum scotchman, sitkum kingchauch, sitkum kanaka, etc. HALLOO-nah. Shaw here uses a frontier-era hail made from a distance. See Interjections and Exclamations for context-specific exclamations. HALT-kopet klatawa; kopet cooley. (stop walking/going/moving; stop running) HAM-cosho; dly cosho. (pork; dried pork) HAMMER-lemahto. HAND-le mah. HAND-(right) kloshe lemah. (the good hand) Rather than the left hand being mesachie lemah, cultus lemah or huloima lemah are more likely. It is interesting that the French term le main droit was not adapted as lemah delate, since both lemah and delate were part of the Jargon. HANDCUFF-chickamin kopa mamook kow lemah. (metal to make tied hands) HAND-(game of) itlokum. A game popular amongst natives in the Northwest. I do not know if this was a sleight-of-hand game or something like rock-paper-scissors. HANDKERCHIEF-hakatshum. HANDSOME-hyas kloshe. (very good) HANG-memaloose kopa lope kopa yaka neck. (Died with rope around his neck.) The translation is given in Shaw. HAPPY-kloshe tumtum; youtl tumtum. (feeling good, feeling proud). Klee tumtum, heehee tumtum and other variants are also possible. HARD-kull. In both senses - firmness and difficulty. HARDEN-mamook kull. This is the active; the passive would be chako kull. HARE-kwitshadie kwetshoddie. A comma appears to be missing in Shaw's edition; these are variant spellings of the same word. HARK-nah; nanitch. (an exclamation; look, look over there) See Interjections & Exclamations for context-specific exclamations. HARLOT-mesachie klootchman. (bad woman) HARM-(n.) mesachie. (bad, evil) HARM-(v.) mamook mesachie. (to do evil, to make harm) HARROW, TO-mamook comb illahee. (to comb the earth/land) HASTEN-hyak. (fast) This is an imperative form only. Verbal compounding would be necessary for other contexts - mamook hyak, klatawa hyak, chako hyak, etc. HAT-seahpo. HATCH-chicken chako kopa eggs, tenas lapool chee chako. (chicken becomes with eggs; little/baby fowl newly comes) HATCHET-tenas lahash. (little axe) HAUL-mamook haul. Haul was also used by itself. HAUL, WITH WAGON-lolo kopa chikchik. (to carry by wagon) HAVE-mitlite. Iskum - to hold, receive, or take - was also used to mean to have, depending on context. HAWK-hawk; shakahak. HAY-hay; dly tupso. (dry grass) HAZEL BUSH-toholal stick. HAZEL NUTS-tukwilla. HE, HIS-yaka. See hers. HEAD-la tet. HEADACHE-sick kopa latet. (sick in the head, hurts in the head) HEADWIND-cultus wind. (useless wind, bad wind, contrary wind) HEAL-mamook kloshe. (to make good) Also means to fix, as well as to do good deeds. HEALED-(passive) chako kloshe. (to become good/well) HEALTHY-halo sick. (not sick, without sickness) HEAP-hiyu. (many, lots) This would probably also have been used for a heap, perhaps as hiyu iktas for things in general, or hiyu dly tupso, hiyu stick, etc. depending on what was in the heap. HEAR-kumtux kopa kwolan. (to understand with the ear, to know by ear) HEARSAY-cultus kumtux kopa kwolan. (worthless understanding with the ear, worthless knowledge by ear) HEART-tumtum. Also means mind and to feel and to think. HEARTACHE-sick tumtum. (to feel sick, sickness in the heart) HEAT-waum. HEAVEN-Saghalie Tyee yaka illahee; koosah; saghalie illahee. (God his land; the above land) HEAVY-till. Also means tired or fatigued. HEED-(take) kloshe nanitch. (watch well) HEIRS-yaka tenas pe yaka kloochman. (his children and his woman) This is given in a non-native context; in most native societies in the region, lineage and inheritance was by the female side. HELL-hyas piah; lejaub yaka illahee; keekwulee illahee. (the great fire; the devil his land; the below land) HELM-ludda. HELP, TO-mamook elann; mamook help. (to do aid, to make help) HEN-kloochman chicken. It is interesting that Shaw does not give klootchman la pool here, or for that matter hen itself, which is used in the construction hen olallie - eggs (chicken berries). HENCE-(prep) kahkwa. HENCE-(adv.) yukwa. HER-yaka. HERS-kopa yaka; yakas; yaka. HERB-lametsin; tupso. (medicine, grass/plants) A more specific usage would be both words together, i.e. medicine plants. HERD-hiyu moosmoos. (many cattle, lots of cattle) This refers to cattle only - hiyu cosho, hiyu lemooto, hiyu mowitch, hiyu moolock, etc. would refer to herds of pigs, sheep, deer, and elk. HERE-yukwa; how nah. How nah seems like an exclamation, as in over here! or it might be used for emphasis. HERRING-tenas pish; oolchus. (little fish) HERSELF-yaka self. HEY-nah. See Interjections & Exclamations for context-specific exclamations. HID, HIDE TO-(v.) ipsoot. Mamook ipsoot was also commonly used. HIDE-skin. Lapel was also used, although it would refer more to pelts than to tanned hides. HIGH-saghalie; long; high. HILARITY-hiyu heehee. (lots of laughter, lots of fun, many giggles) HIGHWAY-ooahut. A "highway" in the context of 1908 must be remembered for what it was - the equivalent of a side-lane nowadays, and only barely paved. Modern highways would better be described by klah ooahut, hyas ooahut or skookum ooahut. Alternative spellings/variants of ooahut or wayhut and ooakut. HILL-tenas saghalie illahee. (slightly above land) Tenas lamonti - little mountain - seems also appropriate. HIM-yaka. HIMSELF-yaka self. HINDER-wake siah mamook stop. (not far from making stop) HIRE-potlatch mamook. (to give something to do, to give a task) HIRED-(passive) iskum mamook. (to have something to do, to have a task) HIS-kopa yaka; yakas; yaka. HIT, TO-mamook kokshut; kwulh. HIT-(passive) chako kokshut. HITCH-mamook kow. (to make tied) HITHER-yakwa. HO-nah. Please see Interjections & Exclamations for context-specific exclamations. HOARSE-cole sick wawa. (cold sickness speaking, i.e. speaking as if with a cold) HOARY- t'kope. Shaw's meaning here is of hoarfroast, i.e. whitened. The modern meaning of hoary would be expressed, perhaps, by oleman. HOE-la peosh. HOG-cosho. This is, of course, the animal. To hog something might be muckamuck kahkwa cosho or mamook kahkwa cosho. HOGGISH-kahkwa cosho. HOLD-iskum; halo mahsh. (to hold, to take; to not let go, to not throw away) HOLD, ON-kloshe mitlite; kloshe wait; hold on. (be good and stay, be good and wait) HOLE-klawhap. HOLIDAY-hyas Sunday; Sunday. HOLY-kahkwa Saghalie Tyee. (like God) HOLLOW-halo ikta mitlite. (there are no things; no thing is) HONEST-wake kapswalla; halo kumtux kapswalla. (not a thief; not know how to steal) HONEY-honey; kahkwa shuga. (like sugar) HONOR-kloshe nem. (good name, good reputation) HOP-sopen. HOPE-ticky kahkwa. (like wanting) HOPEFUL-halo kwass. (not afraid) HOPS-tlanemas. HORN-stone; bone. The musical instrument would be tuletule, tut-tut, toot-toot, or perhaps tintin. HORRIBLE, HORRID-hyas mesachie. (very evil, very bad) HORROR-hyas kwass. (great fear) HORSE-kuitan. Cayoosh was also widely used, especially in Interior regions. HORSEBACK-kopa kuitan. (on horse, by horse) HORSEHAIR-kuitan tupso. HORSE RACE-cooley kuitan. (run horse, a running of horses) HORSE SHOES-kuitan shoes; chikamin shoes. (metal shoes) HOSE-stocken. This was hose in the sense of stockings or socks. I cannot think of a Jargon equivalent for something like a hose, i.e. a pipe of fabric for conveying water or air. HOSPITABLE-kloshe. (good, nice) HOSTILE-solleks. (anger, angry) The term lemolo - wild, untamed - was applied to tribes and individual natives who were not yet contacted by civilization, or who had rebelled against it. HOT-hyas waum. (very warm) HOUR-tintin; dingding. i.e. the chiming of a clock or bell marking the hour. Taghum tintin - six bells - would thus mean six o'clock, rather than the nautical sense. HOUSE-house. HOW-kahta. HOW ARE YOU-klahowya. HOWL-kamooks yaka wawa. (dog his speech) Hyas kamooks yaka wawa or kamooks yaka hyas wawa is more expressive of a howl versus, say, a bark or growl. HOW LARGE-kunsih hyas. HOW MANY-kunsih. HUCKLEBERRIES-shot olallie. (shot berries, i.e. berries the size of shot-balls) Huckleberries were also known as pil olallie - red berries. HUMAN-kahkwa man. (like man) Humane might be tumtum kahkwa man - feels/thinks like man. HUMBLE-halo proud. Shaw perhaps invokes this because halo youtl - not proud - would tend to mean ashamed or lacking in self-esteem. HUMOROUS-heehee. (laughter, fun) HUNDRED-tukamonuk. HUNGRY-olo. HUNT-mamook hunt. (to make a hunt, to do a hunt) HURL-mahsh. HURRY-hyak; howh. These are both imperatives; he is in a hurry would be yaka mamook hyak, yaka klatawa hyak, etc. - alternate and perhaps more authentic syntax would be hyak yaka mamook, hyak yaka klatawa, etc. See Interjections & Exclamations for more on howh. HURT-(adj.) kokshut. (broken, broken apart, struck/afflicted, wounded) Sick tumtum mitlite would also mean is hurt/hurting. HURT-(v.) chako kokshut. (to become broken, to be struck/afflicted, to be wounded) Chako sick tumtum would also mean to become hurt. This sense is purely passive; to hurt someone/something would be mamook kokshut. HURT ONE'S FEELINGS-mamook sick tumtum; mamook kahta. (to make feel sick) I do not know what Shaw means by the second translation - literally to make how. HUSBAND, (MY)-nika man. (my man) Her husband would be okoke klootchman yaka man - that woman her man. HUSH-kopet wawa; kopet noise. (stop talking, stop the noise) I-nika. Sometimes spelled naika to reflect prononciation. Some people did pronounce it neeka, however. ICE-cole chuck. (cold water) Cole chuck kahkwa stone or cole chuck kahkwa kull would be more specific. IDEA-tumtum. (thought, feeling) IDENTICAL-delate kahkwa. (exactly like) IDIOT-pelton man. (crazy man, foolish man) The older English sense of idiot was not so much pejorative as descriptive of someone who was simple or mentally deficient. IDLE-cultus mitlite. (uselessly being, meaningless being-at/waiting/resting) IF-spose. IGNITE-mamook piah. (to make fire) IGNORANT-halo kumtux; blind kopa tumtum. (not understanding, understands nothing, blind to thoughts/feelings) ILL; ILLNESS-sick. ILLTREAT-mamook mesachie; mamook kahta. (to do evil; to do how) I am unsure of the context of kahta in the second of Shaw's translations. IMBIBE-muckamuck. (ingest, eat, drink) IMITATE-mamook kahkwa. (to make like, to make same) IMITATION-kahkwa mamook. (likeness making, same made, same deed) IMMATERIAL-cultus. IMMEASURABLE-halo kumtux kunsih hyas. (not known how much great, nothing/no one knows who much great) IMMENSE-delate hyas. (really large, truly great) IMMIGRATE-chako kopa ikt illahee. (come from one country, come to this country) Either Shaw intends for the name of a country to be inserted in place of ikt, or the sense of ikt in this context is equivalent to okoke - this. IMMODEST, IMMORAL-mesachie. (bad, evil) IMPATIENCE-halo ticky mitlite. (to not want to wait, to not want to stay) IMPERFECT-wake delate. (not right, not straight, not true) IMPOSSIBLE-wake skookum kopa. (not able to) The meaning of skookum here is that of capability rather than strength or size. This phrase is incomplete and requires another verb or other word to give it context. Impossible! as a single-word reply would simply be wake skookum. IMPROBABLE-(nika) tumtum yaka halo kahkwa. (I feel it is not like that, i.e. I feel it not like/as) IMPROPER-wake kloshe. (not good) IMPROVE-chako tenas kloshe. (to become little good, i.e. to become better) IN-kopa. INABILITY-wake skookum kopa. (not able to) The meaning of skookum here is that of capability rather than strength or size. This phrase is incomplete and requires another verb or other word to give it context. INASMUCH-kahkwa. (like, as, therefore) INCITE-mamook waum yaka turntum. (to make warm his/her heart/mind, i.e. to heat up feelings/thoughts) INCOMPLETE-wake yaka kopet. (not it stop, not it finished) INDEED-nowitka. INDEPENDENT-(he is) cultus kopa (yaka) kopa huloima tillikums. (worthless to he to other people) The usage here is entirely ideomatic and does not translate so directly. This is one of the many unusual variant meanings/contexts of cultus. The sense here seems to be that the individual described is unaccountable to any people or person. INDIAN-siwash. INDIAN MEDICINE-kelale. I have not seen this word elsewhere. The closest one resembling it is klale - black. Usually tamanass (Shaw's tamahnawis) is given for Indian medicine, i.e. magic. INDIFFERENT-(I am) cultus kopa nika. (meaningless to me, worthless to me) INDUCE-(him) mamook haul yaka tumtum. (to make haul his heart, to pull his mind) INDULGE-iskum. (take, receive, hold) Shaw's meaning here must be in reference to forbearance and/or acceptance. INDUSTRIOUS-kwonesum mamook. (always works, always doing something) INEBRIATE-man yaka kwonesum pahtlum; man kwonesum muckamuck whiskey. (man he always drunk; man always drinks whiskey) The sense here is as in one who is inebriate, or as a noun. The verbal version would be mamook konaway pahtlum, mamook konaway pahtl whiskey, or mamook konaway pahtl lum. INFANT-tenas; chee tenas. (little one; new little one, i.e. child; new child) INK-klale chuck kopa mamook tzum. (black water to make marks) INQUIRE-wawa. (speak, say) Ask or mamook ask were also used. INSHORE-mahtwillie. INSIDE-keekwulee. Inside was also used, especially in compounds and depending on context. INSPIRE-mamook waum yaka tumtum. (to make warm his/her heart/mind) INSTANTLY-hyak. (fast, quick) INSUFFICIENT-wake hiyu. (not enough, not many) INTEND-(I) nika tumtum. (I think/feel, i.e. I mean to) INTENTION-tumtum. (thought, feeling, meaning) INTERCEDE-(you for me) kloshe mika potlatch nika wawa kopa yaka. (good you give me words to him) This is in the form of a request and shows the use of the pronouns. The "raw" form is kloshe potlatch wawa kopa. INEBRIATE-man yaka kwonesum pahtlum; man yaka kwonesum muckamuck whiskey. (man he always drunk; man always drinks whiskey) The sense here is as in one who is inebriate, or as a noun. The verbal version would be mamook konaway pahtlum, mamook konaway pahtl whiskey, or mamook konaway pahtl lum. INTERVAL-tenas laly. (little while) Laly's meaning is indeterminate, adding various qualities to words for time. Shaw's context here is ideomatic of English of the period, i.e. after an interval - kimtah tenas laly - meaning after a little while. INTIMATE-kloshe. (good, nice) In the context of he is good with him/her. INVISIBLE-(to you) wake kahta mika nanitch. (not how you see, i.e. not possible for you to see) INWARD-keekwulee. IRON-chikamin. (metal) Iron was probably the original meaning of chikamin, which later came to mean all metals. IRRESOLUTE-wake skookum tumtum. (to not strong feel/think) IRRIGATE-mamook cooley chuck. (to make running water, i.e. to make water run) Mahsh chuck kopa might better carry the meaning of to water something. IS-mitlite is sometimes used and sometimes no word is used. This is Shaw's comment. Some ideoms where English would use is use other verbs. ISLAND-ailand; tenas illahee. (little land) IT-yaka, yahka. ITCH-tlihtlih. ITS-kopa yaka; yakas; yaka. ITSELF-yaka self. IVY-stick kahkwa lope. (tree/plant/wood like rope)

JAIL-skookum house. (big house, strong house) The better context here is probably strong house, i.e. a secure building; this term was also used for guardhouses and other fortified structures. The translation big house has me wondering if a translation from Chinook is the origin of the American English slang term for prisons. JARGON-(Chinook) Chinook. This was the most common way to refer to the Jargon, although of course Chinook has other meanings, including the Chinook people and their language as well as a wind and a variety of salmon. In full, the term would be Chinook wawa - Chinook words - as opposed to Chinook lalang, which would have referred to the language of the Chinook people. JEALOUS-sick tumtum. (to feel sick, sick feelings/thoughts) Sick tumtum has many uses; the sense of jealousy would have to be known from context, or by the addition of explicatory words. JERK-hyas mamook haul. (Quick make haul.) The translation is Shaw's; I think this must be a mispring, with hyak meant instead of hyas. As given, it would more mean a really big pull, rather than a short sharp one. JERKED BEEF-moosmoos itlwillie chako dly. (cattle flesh become dry) Of course, jerky made from other meats would substitute the name for the animal in question in the position of moosmoos. JEST-cultus wawa. (worthless words, idle words, harmless words) Cultus hee-hee was also used. JOB-mamook. (do, make, work, deed, activity) JOIN-chako kunamokst. (come together, become both) JOKE-(n.) cultus wawa. (worthless words, idle words, harmless words) Cultus hee-hee was also used. JOKE-(v.) mamook heehee. (to make a joke, to make laugh) JOLLY-heehee tumtum. (laughter feeling, laughing thought, to feel laughter) Klee - glee - and klee tumtum - to feel glee - were also used. JOURNEY-cooley. (run) Shaw must mean this in a verbal sense, although I do not know why he does not also cite klatawa - to go. I cannot think of what would suffice as a noun, as in the journey from here to there or how was your journey?. It is true, however, that run in English can often refer to a trip - as in the run from A to B. JOY, JOYFUL- youtl tumtum. (to feel glad, to feel proud, proud feeling) Klee tumtum - happy feeling - would also have been used. JUDGE-tyee kopa court. (chief of the court, lord of the court) In some areas, judge or chutch was simply used. JUG-stone lapooti. (stone bottle) The kind of jug referred to here must be a ceramic container with a stopper, as used for rum or mercury. A water jug is more likely to be tamolitsh or ketling. JUICE-olallie chuck. (berry water, fruit water) JUMP, TO-sopena. Another form of this word was sopen, although this may have meant a jump rather than to jump. JUST-delate. (true, correct, straight) Shaw's meaning here is of justice or righteousness or correctness; just in the sense of only would be kopet. A translation of just barely would depend on context - kopet elip, perhaps.

KAMASS ROOT-lakamass. Or simply camas. KETTLE-ketling. KEY-lekleh. KICK, TO-mamook kokshut; chukkin. (to make a strike/blow) KILL-mamook memaloose. (to make dead) It is also likely that kill, like other common English words, might also have been used in Jargon speech. KIND-kloshe. (nice, good) KINDRED-tillikums. (people) KISS-bebe. Bebe could also mean baby; bebe lapush or bebe seeohwist would be more specific, although probably unnecessary. KITTEN-tenas pishpish. (little cat, young cat) This is a Puget Sound rendering; more common would have been tenas puss-puss. KNEEL-mamook kahkwa (showing how). (i.e. do it like this, do the same) KNIFE-opitsah. KNIT-mamook stocken. (to make stockings) This would vary on the garment being made, i.e. mamook sweatah, mamook cowichan - knit a sweater, knit a cowichan sweater. Well-knit - kloshe mamook; knit rope, i.e. splice ropes - mamook kunamokst lope. KNOT-lemah; lemah kopa stick. (hand, hand on wood/tree) What might be being referred to here is the appearance of the node of a knot on a tree or plank. To knot something might better be mamook kopa lemah, although the specific meaning of a knot, as on a rope, would still not be described. KNOCK. TO-koko, mamook kokshut; mamook kahkwa (showing how). (to strike; do it like this, do the same) KNOTTY-hunlkih; hiyu lemah. (many hands) See knot above. KNOW, TO; KNOWLEDGE-kumtux. KNUCKLE-yahkwa kopa lemah (point to it). (there on the hand)

LABOR-mamook. (do, make, work, deed, activity) LACK-wake hiyu. (not many, not enough) LADY-klootchman. LAMB-tenas sheep; tenas lemooto; sheep yaka tenas. (little sheep, young sheep; sheep her young) LAME-klook teahwit; sick kopa lepee. (crooked leg; sick in the foot) LAMENT-cly tumtum. (cry feelings, feel like crying) Mamook cly kopa would also be used, especially in the sense of to lament something. LAND-illahee. LANDLORD-tyee. (chief, lord) Tyee was used for any important personage or someone of higher rank or position. LAND OTTER-inamooks. Another word for land otter was nenamooks, unless Shaw here means a weasel, marten, mink or similar otter-like animal. LANE-ooahut. LANGUAGE-la lang. Wawa was also used, especially in the case of the Jargon itself. Nonetheless the formations Kingchauch wawa, Boston wawa, Kanaka wawa and Chinaman wawa were as common as Kingchauch lalang, Boston lalang, Kanaka lalang, and Chinaman lalang - if not moreso. Lalang would certainly have been preferred to describe language as a stand-alone concept; it also meant the tongue. LARD-cosho glease. (pig grease, pig fat) This term would of course vary depending on the animal that was the source of the lard. LARGE-hyas. Skookum might also be used, depending on the object and the context. LARK-tenas kalakala. (little bird) LAST-delate kimta; kimta kopa konoway. (right behind, truly behind; behind everything) LATELY-chee; tenas ahnkuttie. (new, newly; little past) LAUGH-heehee; mamook heehee. LAUGHTER-heehee. LAUNCH-mahsh boat, ship kopa chuck. (put out the boat, ship on the water) Shaw here means that either boat or ship would be used in this phrase. Canim would also be used the same way. LAWN-kloshe tupso illahee. (good grass land) Also used for pasture or field. LAY-mahsh. (to put, to place) LAZY-lazy. LEAD-(n.) kalitan. Here Shaw is referring to shot-lead, as in bullets. Lead as a metal might be kalitan chikamin. LEAD-(v.) mamook cooley. (to make run) Shaw seems to mean this in the military or hunting sense; another usage might be klatawa elip - go before, go first. LEADER-tyee. (chief, lord) Tyee was used for any important personage or someone of higher rank or position. LEAN-(adj.) halo glease. (without fat) The reference here seems to be to meat, rather than to physical conditioning as in the modern use of the word. LEAN-(v.) lagh. LEAP, TO-sopena. Another form of this word was sopen, although this may have meant a leap rather than to leap. LEARN-iskum kumtux; kumtux. (to take or receive knowledge/understanding; to know or to understand) LEARNED-kumtux hiyu. (knows much, knows a lot, lots of knowledge) LEAST-elip tenas kopa konaway. (more little than everything) LEATHER-skin; dly skin. (hide; dried hide) Lapel might also be used, but more referred to pelts and furs. It is interesting that a loan-word was not derived from the French le cuir. LEAVE-(v.) mahsh; klatawa. (to depart, to exit; to go) LEAVE OFF, TO-kopet. (to stop, to halt) LECTURE-wawa. (to talk, speech, words) LEG-teahwhit; lepee. LEGAL-kloshe kopa law. (good to the law, good by law) LEGEND-wawa; wake delate wawa. (words, stories; not straight/true words, stories) the grander connotations of English legend are not conveyed well here. A qualifying phrase such as hyas wawa, pe wake delate wawa - big tale, but not a true tale - might serve the purpose of a tall tale or mythological legend. LEGGINGS-mitass. LEGISLATURE-tyee man klaska mamook law. (chief man they make law) Tyee man here is a plural, as clarified by the pronoun. Hyas house - great house, mighty house - or tyee house - chief house - were sometimes used in British Columbia, and might also refer to Government House, the residence of the royal representative. LEND, TO-ayahwhul; ticky owe. (want to owe) Ticky owe appears to be in the context of a request - please lend to me. LENT-(n.) lekalem; ole time. (old time) Lekalem appears to be of French origin, but I do not know the reference. Ole time must simply be ideomatic, somehow alluding to the self-deprivation of the Lenten season. LESS-tenas. LETTER-papah. The spelling pepah is more common. LEVEL-konaway kahkwa; flat. (everything the same; flat) The English ideom on the level would be expressed by something like delate wawa or delate tumtum - straight words, thoughts, intent. LIAR-yaka kumtux wawa kliminawhit. (he knows words to lie) Another expression was hyas yaka kumtux kliminawhit - he knows well how to lie - but often kliminawhit would be used by itself to mean both lie and liar. LIBERAL-kloshe kopa cultus potlatch. (good with free gifts, i.e. someone who gives a way a lot without thought of return) The concept here is not political, but rather of personality. LICK, TO-(v.) klakwun. LICE-inapoo. LIE-(n.) kliminawhit wawa. (lie words, liar's words, "smooth talk") LIE-(v.) wawa kliminawhit. (to speak lies) LIE DOWN-mitlite. (be, rest, stay) LIGHT-(not heavy) halo till; wake till. (not heavy, not tiring) LIGHT-(not dark) halo polaklie. (not dark, no darkness) Towagh or kahkwa towagh - shining or like shining - might also be used, as would light by itself. LIGHTNING-saghalie piah. (above fire, fire from above) LIKE-(adj.) kahkwa. LIKE-(v.) ticky. (want, desire) LIMB-lemah; stick yaka lemah. (hand, arm; tree his arm, tree his hand) LINGER-mitlite; halo chako. (to rest, to be, to stay; not coming) The latter would seem to be in reference to someone who is awaited. The former might also occur as cultus mitlite - idling or staying pointlessly. LINGUIST-yaka kumtux hiyu lalang. (he/she knows many tongues/languages) LINIMENT-lametsin kopa skin; optlah. (medicine for the skin) Optlah appears to be a particular substance in use as a liniment. LIPS-lapush (point to them). Shaw indicates it is necessary to point to the lips when saying lapush, because this word means the mouth. It is surprising that the French word les levres was not borrowed, perhaps in the form lelep or lelef. LISP-wake delate wawa. (not straight talking, not correctly talking) Only context would distinguish this usage from the other meaning of wake delate wawa - a fable or legend, not the straight truth. LISTEN- hah; nanitch. Nanitch actually means look! Potlatch kwolann kopa - give ear to - or iskum kwolann kopa - take/receive ear from - would be more appropriate as a regular verb instead of as an imperative, which seems to be Shaw's context here. Hah is an interjection; please see Interjections & Exclamations. LITTLE-tenas. LIVE-(adj.) halo memaloose (not dead) Iskum wind - has breath - carries the same meaning. LIVE-(v.) mitlite. (to be, to stay at) The meaning here is to be in residence, or simply to be. To be alive would be iskum wind or mitlite wind - has breath or is breathing. LODGE-(n.) tenas house; siwash house. (little house, Indian house) By tenas house, Shaw means a cabin or rustic dwelling; Indian houses were commonly referred to as lodges. LOFTY-Saghalie. (above, high up) LOGGING CAMP-stick house. (tree house, wood house) LONELY-kopet ikt. (but one, only one) LONG-youtlkut. i.e. in dimension. This word is very similar to youtl - proud or glad - and I do not know if there is a connection, which may be cultural. LONG AGO-ahnkuttie. Laly ahnkuttie, hyas ahnkuttie - very long ago, ancient times. LOOK, TO-nanitch; nah. The verb to look here is nanitch, which also means to see; nah is an interjection or imperative. See Interjections & Exclamations. LOOK AROUND-cultus nanitch. Shaw does not mean to inspect in all directions, but rather to look idly around, to sight-see. LOOK HERE!-nah. See Interjections & Exclamations. LOOK OUT-kloshe nanitch. (watch well) This refers to guarding or being a sentry, and may be used as an imperative. It does not refer to a look-out, as in a watching place, which might better be kah yaka nanitch (where one watches). A look-out as in a sentry or one who watches would be man yaka nanitch or yaka klasksta nanitch. LOOKING GLASS-shelokum. LOOSE-(v.) stoh; mahsh kow. (to release a tying, to let go of something tied up) LOUSE-inapoo. LOSE THE WAY- tsolo, tseepie ooahut. (to mistake the road/way) LOVE, TO-Ticky. (like, want, desire) Hyas ticky would be more emphatic, as would kloshe tumtum (kopa) maika/yaka or hyas kloshe tumtum (kopa) maika/yaka. Delate ticky also strikes me as a possibility. LOW-keekwulee. (below, beneath) LOWER-(adj.) Elip keekwulee. (more low, more beneath) LOWER-(v.) mamook keekwulee. Mahsh keekwulee - put below, throw below - is also possible, depending on the context. LOWLY-halo ploud tumtum. (not proud feeling) Halo hyas - not big, not great, not mighty - seems also possible, especially if speaking of someone's social standing rather than their demeanour or temperament. Shaw gives halo ploud for humble.and again as there halo youtl or wake youtl would carry the same meaning. LUKEWARM-tenas lazy; tenas waum. (little lazy; little warm) Tenas lazy seems to refer to temperament, i.e. to be lukewarm about something, rather than to temperature, as is the case with tenas waum. Since mamook waum yaka tumtum means to incite or inspire someone, however, it may be that tenas waum might also refer to temperament, depending on the context. LUG-lolo. (to lift, to carry) This is obviously not a wheel-lug or any other meaning of the English lug. LUMBER-laplash. (plank, floorboards) Laplash stick would also be a possibility, and is a more general term. LUNCH-muckamuck. (eat, drink, food, dinner, meal) MAD-solleks. This is made in the sense of anger, not as in the sense of insane, which would be pelton or perhaps lemolo. The latter would mean deranged or gone wild. MADAM-klootchman. This is not meant as a form of address, at least not to my knowledge. Shaw here is simply giving the term for woman or female. A madam in a bordello might be boss klootchman or tyee klootchman, but those terms would carry this meaning only in the appropriate context - otherwise they would mean the boss' woman or chief's wife; the latter term was sometimes used in British/Canadian territories for the Queen, although more fittingly as hyas tyee klootchman. A female chief would have been (I think) klootchman tyee. MAGIC-tahmahnawis. MAGISTRATE-tyee. Tyee was used for any high-ranking official. More specific in this instance would by tyee kopa court. MAGNIFICENT-delate hyas kloshe. (really very good, truly very good) MAIZE-corn; esalth. Corn was used for "white man's corn"; esalth was used for Indian corn, which is less domesticated and has smaller ears and less delicate nibs, but which was fiarly common among lowland tribes south of the Fraser and Straits, especially in the Columbia Valley and Basin. MAJORITY-elip hiyu. (more than enough, the first many) That is, in the latter case with hiyu being taken to mean many, the first in order of size of two groups of people or objects. The context of hiyu here is better interpreted as enough rather than many. MAKE, TO-mamook. MALE-man. MALICE-mesachie tumtum; solleks. (evil think, evil feel; anger) That is, to intend evil. MALLARD DUCK-hahlhaht. This must be a typographical error. Under duck, Shaw gives both hahlhahl and hahthaht. Other lexicons show hahthaht as specific for the mallard. MAMA-mama. MAN-man. MANAGE-tolo; mamook. (win; do) Mamook kahkwa boss or mamook boss or something similar might be more specific. I think Shaw's meaning here must have been along the lines of I can manage, i.e. to accomplish something successfully. MANGLE-hiyu mamook cut. (to make many cuts, to cut many times) I can't see why mamook kokshut or hyas mamook kokshut might not also have been appropriate. MANKIND-konaway tillikums. (all people, people everywhere, everyone) MANLY-kahkwa man. MANNER-kahkwa kwanesum yaka mamook. (like always he does, hea always acts like that) i.e. habitual behaviour. MANUFACTORY-moola. MANY-hiyu. MAPLE-isick stick. (paddle wood) Maple, like ash, was a preferred wood for making paddles. MARBLE-kloshe stone. (good stone) That is, a stone desired by white men, a stone that is good to find. MARE-klootchman kuitan. (female horse, woman horse) Also klootchman cayoosh. MARK-(n.) tzum. MARK-(v.) mamook tzum. MARKET-mahkook house. The sense here is of course not the modern, abstract one, but a reference to a store. Outdoor markets of the kind common in sunny countries were of course unknown in this region. MARRIAGE, MARRY-malieh. MASK-stick seeowist. (wooden face) MASSACRE-(v.) cultus mamook memoloose. (to wantonly make dead, to kill wantonly) The sense of cultus here is both in terms of wastage and of wrong-doing. The noun for massacre would have been based on, perhaps, hiyu mamook memaloose - to kill many people. MASS-(ceremony of) la messe. MAST-ship stick. (ship wood, ship tree) The term mitwhit stick - standing tree - would be more specific, especially for a mainmast; ship stick could also mean wood used in shipbuilding. MAT-kliskwiss. Note the distinction from kwiskwis - squirrel. MATERNAL-kahkwa mama. (like a mother, motherly) MATRIMONY-malieh. MATRON-tyee klootchman. (chief woman, important woman) MATTOCK-lapeosh. MATURE-piah. (fire) I have not seen this word with this meaning before, except in the compound context of piah lapome - fire apple, i.e. red apple - i.e. Shaw is meaning mature as in ripe. Other meanings of mature would have to be derived from context. MAXIMUM-elip hiyu kopa konaway. (more many of everything) MAYOR-tyee kopa town. (chief of a town) ME-nika. MEADOW-tupso illahee. (grass land, grassy land) MEAN-delate cultus; wake kloshe. (truly bad; not good) The connotation here of cultus is evil, rather than the more typical worthless or meaningless. MEASURE, TO-tahnim; mamook measure. MEAT-itlwillie; meat. MEDICINE-la metsin. Indian medicine would be referred to with tamanass/tamahnawis - magic. MEDITATE-mamook tumtum. (to make feelings, to do thinking) MEEK-kloshe; halo solleks; kwan. (good; not angry; calm) MEET-chako kunamokst. (to come together) MELANCHOLY-sick tumtum. MELT-chako chuck; chako kahkwa chuck; chako klimmin. (to become water; to become like water; to become soft) MEMORY-tumtum. (mind, thought, feeling) MEND, TO-mamook tip-ahin. (to do with a needle, to use a needle) MENTAL-kopa tumtum. (by thinking, by mind) MENTION-wawa. (speak, say) MERCHANDISE-iktas. (stuff, belongings, clothing) MERCHANT-mahkook man. (sell man, salesman) MERCHANTABLE-kloshe kopa mahkook. (good for selling, easy to sell) MERCIFUL-(to be) MERCY-(to have) mamook klahowya. (to do mercy, to make mercy) Shaw gives both these contexts on the same line; the same Chinook phrase being used for both. MESSAGE-(verbal) wawa. (word) This is a similar context to English, as in he brought word or he sent us word. MESSAGE-(written) papah. This appears to be a misprint, as the prononciation is more like the conventional pepah. METAL, METALLIC-chikamin; kahkwa chikamin. (metal, like metal) METROPOLIS-tyee town. (chief town, important town) MIDDAY-sitkum sun. (mid-day, halfway of day) MIDDLE, THE-katsuk; sitkum. MIDNIGHT-sitkum polaklie. (middle of night) MIDSUMMER-sitkum kopa waum illahee. (halfway through the warm land) MIDST-kunamokst. (together) Shaw here means midst in the context of in the midst of a group, as opposed to in the middle of a place, which would be katsuk or sitkum. MIGHT-(n.) skookum; (imp. of may; klonas). I can see that might as the imperfect of may could well also be spose depending on context. As for the context of skookum, in the sense of power or strength, the meaning of mighty would probably have been conveyed by hyas or, more pronouncedly, hyas skookum. MIGRATE-klatawa. (move, go) MILD-kloshe. Kwann might also be used depending on context. MILK-tatoosh. MILKMAN-tatoosh man. MILKEY-kahkwa tatoosh. (like milk) MILL-moola. This is a noun form only. I am not sure that mamook moola would suffice for a verb, as it can mean to build a mill; more likely would have been chako moola - to become milled. MILLER-moola man. MIMIC-mamook kahkwa. (to make like, to do similarly) MIND, THE- tumtum. Tumtum was also used to mean the heart; the two concepts were not distinguishable in local culture of the day. MINE-illahee kah chikamin mitlite. (land where metal is) This is a noun form only, and rather awkward; more likely the English word mine would simply have been used, with mamook mine being used to mean to mine. Mamook chikamin might also have been used for a verb, but this could also mean to smelt. MINGLE-klatawa kunamokst; mamook kunamokst; mahsh kunamokst. (go together; make together; throw/put together) The last context is relatively archaic in modern English, as in to mingle ingredients (rather than to mix). MINISTER- leplet. This term was originally derived in reference to Catholic (French) priests only; it was extended to other clergy when they became evident on the scene. Doctin - doctor - was also used for protestant clergy, however, as might have been any native adaption of reverend. MINOR-tenas; elip tenas. (small; more small) I do not think Shaw's usage here intends the modern sense involving the age of majority of young people, although the usage tenas would still have been the same. Shaw's intent here seems to be that of lesser. MISCHIEF-cultus mamook. (bad deed, worthless deed) This phrase carries less negative impact than would mesachie mamook. and more means a prank or careless activity than a criminal act. MISCONDUCT-mesachie mamook. (bad deed, evil deed) This phrase carries much more negative impact than cultus mamook. The meaning here is definitely one of ill intent or deliberate disobeyance. MISPRONOUNCE-halo delate wawa; tseepie wawa; huloima wawa. (to straight speak; mistake speak; strangely speak) Each of these could well mean something different - a legend or a fib; something said in error; a foreign language or something strange being said. MISS, TO-tseepie. MISSIONARY- leplet. This term was originally derived in reference to Catholic (French) priests only; it was extended to other clergy when they became evident on the scene. Doctin - doctor - was also used for protestant clergy, however, as might have been any native adaption of reverend. MISTAKE-(v.) mamook tseepie. MISTAKE-(n.) tseepie mamook. MISTY-tenas snass. Smoke or kahkwa smoke could also be used, although smoke would more mean a thick fog; tenas smoke could mean a lesser one. MISUNDERSTAND-halo kumtux. (not understand) Wake kumtux could also have been used, as might kumtux tseepie. which more would mean to have understood the wrong thing, rather than to not have understood at all. MIX-mamook kunamokst; mamook klimmin. (to make together; to make smooth) The latter sense seems to have to do with ingredients in food; the former could mean nearly anything related to the English meaning of mix. MOCCASINS-skin-shoes. MOCK-mamook shem; mamook heehee. (to make shame, to shame; to make a joke, to make fun of) MODERATE-wake hyak. (not fast, not swiftly) Shaw here is of course only referring to moderate speed. The Chinook terms for moderation in other contexts would vary, and probably employ words such as kloshe, kwann, and perhaps cultus. MODEST-kloshe. (good, proper) Shaw's meaning here has to do with the Christian virtues, someone possessing of modesty being a good person. Halo youtl - without pride - might be more specific to the usual meaning in modern English., or yaka wake mamook hyas wawa - he doesn't make big talk. MOISTURE-tenas chuck. (little water) MOLASSES-melass; silup, molassis. MONDAY-ikt sun. (first day, day one) i.e. after Sunday. MONEY-chikamin; dolla. (metal; dollar) MONTH-moon. MONTHLY-ikt moon-ikt moon. (one month-one month) i.e. once a month. MOON-moon. MOONLIGHT: MOONSHINE-moon yaka light. (moon its light) MOOSE-ulchey; hyas mowitch. I have not seen the word ulchey anywhere else. This may be a Lower Columbia word; hyas moolock was in use farther north, as was the original Cree moose. MORAL-kloshe. (good, proper) Again, Shaw here is speaking in reference to the Christian virtues, a moral person being a good one. MORE-weght; elip hiyu. (again, still; more many) MORNING-tenas sun. (little day) MOSS-tupso. This normally meant only grass, although it appears to have been used in reference to any green growth, from moss to flowers. MOSQUITO-melakwa; dago. I have to wonder about the derivation of the latter word, given its associations in English. MOST-elip hiyu kopa konaway. (more many of everything) MOTHER-mama; naah; naha. MOTHERLESS-halo mama. (without a mother) MOTHERLY-kahkwa mama. (like a mother) MOUNTAIN-la monti, stone illahee; lamotai. (stone land, land of stone) MOURN-cly tumtum. (cry feeling) MOUSE-hoolhool; cultus hoolhool. Cultus hoolhool distinguishes the meaning from hyas hoolhool - a rat. MOUTH-la push; la boos. MOVE-tenas mahsh; mamook move. (little throw; to make move) Both of these are in the active sense; the passive would simply be klatawa. MOW-mamook cut; mamook tlkope. (to make cut) More precise would be, for example, mamook cut tupso or mamook cut tupso illahee. MOWER-machine kopa mamook cut hay. (machine to make cut hay) A modern lawn mower would more likely be machine kopa mamook cut tupso; Shaw's meaning here is of an agricultural implement for cutting hay-fields. MUCH-hiyu; hiyu. Shaw makes this repetition, which appears to be a typographical error; I believe the second was intended to be hyiu, which is one of the common variant spellings of this word. Although doubling of hiyu - hiyu hiyu - would mean very, very much, this does not appear to be Shaw's intent, as the semi-colon was there in the original edition. MUD-mud; klimmin illahee. (smooth earth) The latter would more seem to mean clay. Chuck illahee seems as likely a usage for mud as anything else. MUDDY-(muddy water) illahee mitlite kopa chuck. (Land is with water). The translation is Shaw's; I would have used earth in place of land. MUDDY-(muddy ground) chuck mitlite kopa illahee (Water is with Land). The translation is Shaw's; I would have used earth in place of land. MULE-le mel; lemool. Other lexicons make a point of giving burdash for mule, although this technically means only a gelding. MULISH-kahkwa lemool. (like a mule) MUM-halo wawa. Shaw here of course means silent, rather than the British meaning of mother. MURDER-mamook memoloose. (to make dead) MURMUR-(n.) tenas pight wawa. (little fight words) Shaw's meaning here is in a negative context, as in hostile rumours or trouble-making talk. The modern meaning of a quitely mumbled comment is not evidently intended; I am not sure how such might be conveyed. MURMUR-(v.) potlatch tenas pight wawa. (to give little fight words) See previous. I can see that mamook tenas pight wawa or mahsh tenas pight wawa would also have been correct for the context of instigating rumours. MUSE-mamook tumtum. (to make feeling, to do thinking) MUSIC-sing. This was used as the noun for music in the general context; to make music would be mamook sing. More specific are mamook chantie - to sing - and mamook tuletule - to play an instrument. MUSICIAN-man yaka kumtux sing. (man he knows music) MUSICAL INSTRUMENT-tin tin; (Indian pompom). Shaw means that the Indian drum was known as a pompom; all non-native Instruments were tintin, tuttut, or tuletule. MUSKET-musket. MUSSELS-toluks; mussels. MUST-mamook skookum haul. (to make a big pull, i.e. to exert force to accomplish) I am not sure that this would have been used in the customary auxiliary context of must, although conceivably it would function as such, i.e. I will make a big effort to [do whatever]. MUSTARD-piah tupso. (fire grass, fire flower) There are varieties of wild mustard in the Northwest, as well as domestic mustard that has gone wild. This term could also have been used for the fireweed, or any red or yellow flower, however. MUTE-halo wawa. (without speech) MUTTER-wawa. MUTTON-sheep yaka meat; lemooto yaka itlwillie. (Sheep, his meat). The translation is Shaw's. As in French, however, the name of the animal can be equivalent to the name for its flesh. MY, MINE-nika; kopa nika; nikas. MYSELF-nika self. MYSTERY-hyas huloima. (very strange, very odd) Another term might be konaway tillikums wake kumtux kahta - nobody knows why - or something similar. Another word that could be used for mystery might be ipsoot - hidden, concelaed, secret.

NAILS-le cloo; nail. NAKED-halo ikta mitlite. (wthout thing there is) This appears to be a misprint; more correct would be halo iktas mitlite - lit. there are no clothes. NAME-nem; yahhul. NAMELESS-halo nem. (without name) NAP-tenas sleep; tenas moosum. (little sleep) NARROW-halo wide. (not wide) NASTY-wake kloshe; mesachie. (not good; evil, bad) NATION-tillikums. (people, a people) This refers to a people of shared origin; the term for nation as a country is illahee. NATIVE-delate yaka illahee. (true his land) i.e. truly of the land. Native in the modern sense of aboriginal person would simply be siwash. NAVIGATE-klatawa kopa chuck. (to go on the water) The meaning here simply means travel by water, rather than finding one's way on the water. NAY-wake; halo. NEAR-wake siah. (not far) NEAT-kloshe. (good, proper) Shaw means being tidy as a good thing or as the right way for things to be, i.e. to be correct. Delate might also be used in the same context, and would be especially used in the context of liquor being served neat. NECK-le cou; lecoo. NEED-hyas ticky. (to want greatly, to desire very much) NEEDLE-keepwot; tupshin. NEGATIVE-halo; wake. Shaw here means the negative, in a grammatical sense, rather than an adjectival one, which would be conveyed by cultus or mesachie. NEGLECT-halo kloshe nanitch. (to not watch well, to not take care of) NEGRO-klale man; nigga. (black man) Klale siwash - black Indian, black savage - was also commonly used. Nigga would of course be highly politically incorrect in modern usage, even as Chinaman has become (only moreso). NEIGHBORHOOD-tilikums mitlite wake siah. (people being not far) i.e. there are people nearby. Here Shaw means a community. NEPHEW-sister or ats or kahpo or ow yaka tenas man. Shaw means that the words sister, ats, and kahpo may be substituted in context where ow is in the phrase given, which means sister her son. Relationships were generally reckoned matrilineally, although of course when necessary the construction may be altered to substitute on of the words for brother where sister is here. NEVER-wake kunsih. (not when) I can't see why Shaw doesn't give wake kwanesum - not forever, not ever - here. NEW-chee. NEWS-chee wawa. (new words) NICE-kloshe. NIECE-sister or ats or ow or kahpo yaka tenas klootchman. Shaw means that the words sister, ats, and ow may be substituted in context where kahpo is in the phrase given, which means sister her daughter. Relationships were generally reckoned matrilineally, although of course when necessary the construction may be altered to substitute on of the words for brother where sister is here. NIGH-wake siah. (not far). The translation is Shaw's. NIGHT-polaklie. NINE-kweest, kwaist. NINETEEN-tahtelum pe kweest. (ten and nine) NINETY-kweest tahtlum. (nine tens) NIP-mamook stop; mamook cut. (to make stop; to make a cut) The first context of is to nip something in the bud; the second is that of a small cut - what we would today maybe call a nick, although I would prefer to see mamook tenas cut for that. A small bite (of food) or a bite out of something must necessarily be tenas muckamuck, or mamook tenas muckamuck; although I wonder about the context to bite something, which might be mamook laboos; a small nip as in of liquor would be tenas lum (whiskey) or muckamuck tenas lum (whiskey). NO, NOT-halo; wake. NOBODY-tillikum. This must be a misprint, the necessary negative having been omitted; the correct translation would be halo tillikum or wake tillikum. NOD-kahkwa sleep; moosum; wake siah sleep; moosum. (like sleep, as if sleeping; not far from sleep) Shaw means that moosum can be used where sleep is in the phrases given. NOISE-noise; latlah. I am not sure that latlah, from French for the train, can be used by itself for this meaning; more correct would be kahkwa latleh. NOISELESS-halo noise. NOISY-hiyu noise. NONE-halo; wake. NONSENSE-cultus wawa. (meaningless words, worthless words) NOON-sitkum sun. (half the day, mid-day) NORTH-kah cole chako. (whence winter comes, where the cold comes from) NOSE-nose; emeets. NOT-halo; wake. NOTHING-halo ikta. (no thing, without things) NOT YET-kawek. NOURISH-potlatch muckamuck; kloshe nanitch. (give food; watch well, i.e. take care of) NOW-alta. NOWHERE-halo kah. NUMB-kahkwa memaloose. (like dead, like a corpse) NUMBER-klonas kunsih. (maybe how many) Shaw means a vague number, rather than a precise one, i.e. so many without being exact. Number as a concept was kwunnum - a count - or as a verb mamook kwunnum - to make a count. NUMERALS-

 1. ikt; icht.  Another variant was ixt.
 2. mokst; moxt.
 3. klone.
 4. lakit; lokit.
 5. kwinnim.  The spelling kwinnum was also common.
 6. taghum; tughum.  Compound numbers were sometimes formed from here, beginning with kwinnum pe ikt for six.  The origins of this are in hand-counting, as can be noted in the etymologies of number-systems in other native languages of the region, as in the St'at'imcets klakumpsh - to cross over (to the other hand).
 7. sinamokst; sinamoxt.
 8. stotekin.
 9. kwaist; kweest.
10. tahtlum.
11. tahtlum pe ikt.  (ten and one)  Shaw means that the other 'teens proceed similarly.
20. mokt moxt tahtlum.  Shaw means either spelling was used, rather than any intending any doubling.

100. ikt takamonuk; icht tukamonuk; tahtlum-tahtlum, - ten tens. The translation is Shaw's. NURSE-(n.) klootchman; man yaka kloshe nanitch. (man who knows how to watch well, i.e. to take care of) NURSE-(v.) kloshe nanitch. (to watch well, i.e. to take care of) To nurse as in to breast-feed would simply be potlatch tatoosh - give milk, give breast. NUTS-tukwilla; toholal; nuts.

OAK-kull stick. (hard wood) Kahnaway stick - acorn tree - was also used. OAR-la lahm. OATS-la wen; la ween. OBEDIENCE, OBEDIENT, OBEY-iskum wawa; mamook kahkwa yaka wawa. (to receive words, to take words; to do like he says) OBJECT-wawa halo. (say no) OBLIGE- (a favor)-mamook help. (to do help, to help) OBSCENE-mesachie. (bad, evil) Mesachie can have the connotation of filthy as well as immoral. OBSCURE-halo delate kumtux. (not truly understood, not correctly known) OBSERVE-nanitch. (see, watch) OBTAIN-nanitch. Shaw's English meaning here is archaic, as in see what obtains, i.e. see what turns up, becomes apparent. OCEAN-hyas salt chuck. (great salt water) OCHRE-kawkawak illahee. (yellow earth) ODD-huloima. (different, strange) ODOR-humm. OFF-klak. OFFEND-mamook solleks; mamook kahta. (to make angry, to make how) The latter must be meant in combination with a gesture, or else kahta has an ideomatic function that Shaw has not made clear. OFFER-ticky potlatch. (to want to give) OFFICER-tyee. Tyee was used for any high-ranking official. The sense here is that of rank, as in the military, rather than the modern sense of police officer, which would simply be law man. OFF SHORE-mahtlinnie. OFTEN-hiyu times. (many times) OIL-(n.) glease. OIL-(v.) mamook glease. (to make greased, to make oiled) OIL CLOTH-snass sail. (rain cloth) OILY-kahkwa glease. (like grease, like oil) OINTMENT-lametsin; lametsin kopa skin. (medicine for the skin) OLD, OLD MAN-oleman. This word is generally meant with the connotation of decrepitude, or worn-out. OLD WOMAN-lummieh. The prononciation here stresses the last syllable, as in the original French la vieille. OMIT-mahsh. This is an unusual context for mahsh, which has a multitude of meanings, many of them having to do with discharging, letting go, throwing away, etc. The context here is leaving out. ON-kopa. ONE-ikt. Also ixt and icht. ONE OR ANOTHER-ikt-ikt. Also means each. ONE-EYED-ikt seeowist. ONION-unjun; ulalach, lesoio. The last would have been pronounced like the original French les oignons, with the accent on the last syllable. There were varieties of wild onion in the Northwest, which was probably what was specifically meant by ulalach. Other native words would have been in use for these wild onions from region to region. ONION-(wild) kalaka. This would be a regional word, as with ulalach. The place-name Lillooet is also thought by some to derive from the local word for wild onions. ONLY-(one) kopet ikt. (stop at one, but one) Kopet has a variety of meanings depending on context. OPEN-kahlakl; halakl. OPERATE-mamook. (work, do, make, activity) OPINION-tumtum. (thought, idea, feeling) OPPOSITE-enati. (across, across from) OR-pe. Pe also means and, but, and then (the last in the conjunctive sense only). ORATION-wawa. (speech, words, to talk) A fancy or lengthy oration would have been hyas wawa, or perhaps hyas yiem, the latter referring more to telling a tale than to speechifying. ORATOR-man yaka delate kurntux potlatch wawa. (man he really knows giving speech, man who really knows how to talk) ORDER-(v.) mahsh wawa; potlatch wawa. (to put out words, to lay out words; to give words) Mahsh was often used to imply command. ORDER, TO-mahsh tumtum. (to put out thoughts, to express feelings) I do not know what distinction Shaw is making here by giving mahsh tumtum its own entry separate from mahsh wawa and potlatch wawa, which carry much the same meaning. Here the context seems to be one of express intent, rather than what is directly said, or else Shaw means to give order to something, i.e. to make order according to an idea. ORCHARD-kah hiyu apple stick mitlite. (where many apple trees are) ORE-chikamin stone. (metal stone) ORIGINAL-chee; slip; olishinel. (new; first; original) Shaw (or rather Harper's edition of Shaw) gives slip in the second place here; this must be a typographical error, as elip is the obvious word intended and slip occurs nowhere else. ORPHAN-halo papa halo mama. (without father without mother) OTHER-huloima. (different, separate, strange) OTTER (sea)- nawamuks. OTTER-(land) nenamooks. OUGHT-delate kloshe. (correct good) That is, it would be correct and good or it would be truly good. OUR, OURS-nesika; kopa nesika. Some lexicons give the final -s possessive form, i.e. nesikas. OURSELVES-nesika self. OUT, OUTDOORS, OUTSIDE-klahanie. OUTLAW-hyas mesachie tillikum. (really bad person) OVAL-kahkwa egg. (like an egg) OVEN-wen; kah mamook piah sapolil. (where flour is cooked) Ovens of the day were more used for baking; roasting was done over the open fire. OVER-(above) saghalie. OVER-(other side) enati. OVERALLS-klahanie sakolleks. (outside trousers, outer trousers) OVERCOAT-hyas kapo. (great coat) OVERBOARD-klahanie kopa boat. (out of the boat) OVERCOME-tolo. (win, gain, accomplish) OVERSHOES-klahanie shoes; saghalie shoes. (outer shoes, above shoes) OVERTHROW-mamook halo; tolo. (to make nothing, i.e. to make undone; to win) OWL-waugh waugh; kwel kwel. OX-man moosmoos; moosmoos. (male cattle) Shaw here is translating ox in a somewhat archaic sense for a bull, rather than for oxen as a domestic species. There were draught oxen throughout the Northwest, for which the term moosmoos was probably used, if not simply oxen. Hyas moosmoos may also have been used for these large and powerful beasts. OYSTER-chetlo; oysters; klogh-klogh. PACIFY-mamook kloshe. (to make good, to make nice, i.e. to make behave, to make benign) PACK-(n.) ikt kow. (one tie-up, i.e. a bundle) PACK-(v.) lolo. (to carry) Shaw does not mean to pack as to put things in a bag or suitcase, but to pack as in to tote goods. To pack in the former sense would be mamook kow or mamook ikt kow. PACKAGE-ikt kow. (one tie-up, i.e. a bundle) PADDLE-(n.) isick. PADDLE-(v.) mamook isick. (to use a paddle, to work a paddle, to do paddling) PAID-potlatch pay; dolla. (to give pay; money) Shaw means that dolla may be substituted in the given compound in place of pay. PAID-(passive) iskum pay; dolla. (to have pay, to receive pay; money) Shaw means that dolla may be substituted in the given compound in place of pay. PAIN-sick; pain; addedah; anah. PAINT-pent. PAINT, TO-mamook pent. (to use paint, to do painting, to make paint) PAIR-mokst. (two, both) PALACE-hyas kloshe house. (great good house, really nice house, big nice house) The use of hyas here, while still meaning large, carries the connotation of important, auspicious, or powerful. PALE-t'kope. (white, whitish) PAMPHLET-tenas book. (little book) PANSY-kloshe tupso. (good grass, pretty plant) Kloshe tupso was used for all flowers. PANT-skookum mamook wind. (strongly make breath, i.e. breathe strongly) PANTHER-hyas pishpish. (big cat, great cat) Pishpish is a Puget Sound variant of the more widespread pusspuss. This term normally meant a cougar or mountain lion; the term panther in the frontier era, however, could refer to a cougar as well as to the large tropical cat this term describes today, which may have been occasionally in the country with circuses or zoos. PANTS-sakolleks. PAP-lip tatoosh. I think Shaw here means the nipple or aureole. Lip in its doubled form liplip means to bubble or to boil, and tatoosh means breast or milk (i.e. where milk bubbles?). PAPA-papa. PAPER-papah. PAPPOOSE-tenas; pappoos (seldom used). (child, baby, small one, young one) The latter term was, I believe, imported from the Plains by the Metis voyageurs. I believe it is Cree or Ojibway in origin. PARADE-(n.) show. PARADE-(v.) mamook show; kloshe klatawa. (to make a show; to go well, i.e. to strut, to look good) PARDON-mamook klahowya. (to do mercy, to make mercy) Shaw here does not mean the sense of pardon me, but rather to pardon someone. PARENTS-papa pe mama. (father and mother) PARK-kloshe illahee. (good land, good ground) Kloshe illahee also meant farmland. By park here, Shaw means a tended garden-type park, rather than the modern sense of a chunk of landscape set aside for recreation or preservation reasons. PARSON-leplet. (priest) This word was used for Protestant clergy, despite its origin concerning the Catholic priesthood. PARSONAGE-leplet yaka house. (priest his house) PART-sitkum. (half, halfway) Although formally meaning half or halfway, sitkum could simply mean a part of something. PARTAKE-iskum. (to take, to receive, to have some of) PASS-(v.) klatawa; klatawa enati. (to go; to go across) To go past, as in to overtake, someone would probably be klatawa elip - to go before, to go on front; to pass someone in the opposite direction, or to pass by somewhere, would be klatawa kopa - go by. PASTOR-leplet. (priest) This word was used for Protestant clergy, despite its origin concerning the Catholic priesthood. PATERNAL-kahkwa papa. (like a father, as if a father) PATH-ooahut. This was also spelt wayhut and waykut, and could mean a road as well as a trail, or anything in between. PAW-kamooks; itchwoot yaka lepee (Bear, his foot). (dog; bear his foot) Shaw means that kamooks (or the name of any other animal) could be interchanged with itchwoot to give the meaning of a dog's paw rather than a bear's paw. PAY-pay; potlatch dolla. (pay; money given) Shaw here means the noun pay rather than the verb to pay, although potlatch dolla could mean either the verb or noun. Pay, however, referred primarily to the sum paid; I do not think it meant to pay, which would have to be mamook pay or potlatch pay. PEAS-le pwau; peas; lepwah. PEEP-tenas nanitch. (little look, small look) PELT-skin. The term lapel was also used, and was just as common. Skin also meant human skin as well as leather and tanned hides. PEN-(fence) kullaghan. PEN-(for writing) pen; tzum stick. (marking stick, i.e. writing stick) PENANCE-lapelitans; laplitas. PENCIL-pencil; tzum stick. (marking stick, i.e. writing stick) PENITENT-sick tumtum. (sick feel, to feel unwell) Shaw here means the adjective, rather than the noun/person. Sick tumtum is also used to refer to grief and grieving and other negative feelings. PENITENTIARY-hyas skookum house. (big strong house) Shaw here means a large prison; skookum house alone meant a jail or a prison, as well as any kind of strong-house. PENMAN-tzum man. (markings man, i.e. man who makes marks, man who writes) PENTECOST-lapatkot. PEOPLE-tillikum; tillikums. There may have been a slight difference in meaning here, with the latter meaning people in general, the former meaning a specific group or individual. Tillikum could be either singular or plural, however, while tillikums was always plural (or the possessive). PERFECT-detote kloshe. (really good, correctly right, truly good) PERFUME-lametsin kopa nose. (medicine for the nose) While of dubious medical value and only occasionally aromatherapeutic, perfume in the smelly confines of frontier dwellings and society would no doubt have served as medicine for the nose, i.e. making the beleaguered sense of scent feel better. PERHAPS-klonas. PERIL-mesachie mitlite. (evil is, i.e. there is danger) Cultus mitlite would also be approprpiate, though perhaps with less of a dire context. PERMANENT-kwonesum mitlite. (forever existing, always will be, stay always) PERMIT-wawa nowitka. (say yes) PERPETUAL-knowesum. (forever, always, eternity) PERSPIRATION-chuck mitlite kopa skin. (water there is on the skin) Perspiration is normally considered a noun, but this phrase appears to approximate a verb. See following. PERSPIRT-chuck kopa skin. I am not sure that perspirt is a misprint; this may be a 19th century conjugation of to perspire, as in what has perspired. Elsewhere Shaw gives chuck kopa skin for sweat, which must be in the sense of a noun rather than a verb. See previous. PERSEVERE, PERSIST-kwonesum; mamook. (always; do) I believe the inclusion of the semicolon must be a misprint, as the meaning of to persist or to persevere would only be possible by a combination of these two words. PERSON-tillikum. PERSUADE-wawa pe toto. (speak and shake) This term sounds a bit aggressive, if rather expressive; perhaps Shaw meant that what is said would shake the person spoken to up, but the imagery of shaking someone by the shoulders is quite clear. Maybe he even means the person speaking is doing the shaking, as if vehemently or excitedly making an argument. On the other hand, this could all be a misprint and wawa pe tolo was intended, meaning speak and win or speak and gain. Elsewhere Shaw gives skookum wawa - strongly speak, strong words - for admonish and similar terms, so this may also have been suitable. Mamook tumtum - make to think, make feel - also seems possible. PERSON-tillikum. PERUSE-mamook read. (to make read, to do reading) Elsewhere Shaw gives mamook tumtum kopa book or papah - to do thinking with a book or papers - which is tantamount to the same thing, although perhaps a bit heavier in meaning and tone. PETRIFIED-chako stone. (to become stone, turned to stone) Shaw does not mean petrified as in to be terribly afraid, which would more likely be kwass mitlite kahkwa chako stone - is afraid as if turned to stone. PETTICOAT-kalakwahtie; keekwulee coat kopa klootchman; petticoat; kalakwapte. (under coat for woman) Kalakwahtie and kalakwapte have their origin in the same-named under-bark of certain conifers (cedar, I believe), which were used to make garments for native women in pre-contact days; either came to mean any woman's petticoat or dress. PHOTOGRAPH-tzum seeowist. (marking face, i.e. image of a face) This same term was used for postage stamps, which of course were often images of faces. Most photographs of the day would have been portraits, of course. The use of kahkwa picture for sign suggests that tzum picture may have been appropriate for a landscape photo or other non-portrait image. PHYSIC-lametsin. (medicine) Physic is archaic English, referring to a tonic or prescription or chemist's concoction. PHYSICIAN-doctin. PICK-(n.) pick; (v.) iskum; ticky. (to have, to take; to want, to desire, to like, to select) By the noun here, Shaw means the workman's tool rather than something selected. PICNIC-muckamuck heehee. (eating fun, recreational dinner) PICTURE-tzum; papah. (marking, paper) Anything made of paper or printed could be either tzum or papah. The use of kahkwa picture for sign, however, suggests that picture itself may have been quite correctly used in the Jargon. PIECE-sitkum. (half, halfway) Although formally meaning half or halfway, sitkum could simply mean a piece or a part of something. PIETY-kloshe tumtum kopa Saghalie Tyee. (good feeling towards God, good feeling by/with God) PIG-cosho; tenas cosho. (little hog, little pig) The latter would be most appropriate for a piglet, or for a smaller breed. PIGEON-pigeon; kwass kalakala. (afraid bird) PILE-(n.) hiyu. (many, lots of) PILOT-pilot; man yaka mamook cooley. (man who makes run, i.e. man who does the run, man who makes it go) The sense of the latter phrase appears to mean someone who runs a vessel through a specific course or route. PILL-lametsin. (medicine) PIN-pin; kwikweens. PINE-lagome stick. (pitch tree) PIPE-la peep; pipe. PITCH-la gome. PITCHY-la gome mitlite. (pitch is, i.e. there is pitch) PITY-(v.) mamook klahowya. (to make mercy, to do mercy, to give alms) PLACE-(his) kah yaka mitlite. (where he lives, where he is) PLAIN-(n.) kloshe illahee. (good land) That is, land you can do something with. In the mountainous Northwest, only the warm valley bottoms and other flatlands and lowlands were suitable for farming or other settlement. Kloshe illahee also means farmland as well as valley (i.e. valley bottom). PLAIN-(adj.) kloshe; delate. (good, right; straight, true, pure) By plain here, Shaw does not mean simple or unadorned, but rather straightforward or direct. Simple is a possible meaning, however, depending on context. PLAN-(n.) tumtum. (thought, intention, idea) PLAN-(v.) mamook tumtum. (to think, to intend) PLANK-laplash. PLATE-la siet; plate. PLAY-(n.) heehee. (fun, laughter, games) PLAY-(v.) mamook heehee. (to make laughter, to make fun, to do games) PLAYHOUSE-heehee house. (fun house) This also could seem to mean tavern or whorehouse. Heehee house kopa tenas - fun house for children - might be more precise. PLAY WITH STRINGED INSTRUMENT-mamook tuletule. (to use a string instrument) To play a wind instrument would be mamook tuttut; to play any instrument in general, to make music, or to ring a bell would be mamook tintin. PLEAD-skookum wawa. (strong words) Skookum ask or skookum wawa ask or skookum mamook ask all seem likely as well as a bit more accurate, as skookum wawa can mean to scold, to admonish, etc. PLEASANT-please; kloshe. Kloshe - good, nice - seems more typically Jargon than please. Shaw must have had a certain context in mind here in order to cite please, which must have been used in a compound of some kind. PLEASED-youtl; kwatl. (proud, happy) Note the difference between kwatl - pleased - and kwotl or kwutl, which mean to press or to squeeze or to push. An alternate spelling of kwatl may be kwelth, which Shaw gives elsewhere as meaning proud, i.e. equivalent to youtl. PLENTIFUL-plenty; hiyu. (many, much, lots of) PLOW, PLOUGH-(n.) le shalloo; plow; klugh. PLOW, PLOUGH-(v.) mamook plow; mamook kokshut illahee; klugh illahee. (to use a plow; to make broken the ground, i.e. to break land; plow the earth) I think that le shalloo, plow, and klugh may be used interchangeably in the expressions given. PLURAL-hiyu. (many, lots of) Shaw means that to specify or emphasize the plural, hiyu would be used as a modifier. POLE-la pehsh; pole. POND-memaloose chuck. (dead water) Shaw here seems to mean only stagnant water, rather than a small body of standing fresh water, which could be tenas chuck or perhaps tenas lelak. PONDER-mamook tumtum. (to make thoughts, to do thinking) POOL-tenas chuck. (little water, i.e. small body of water) POOR-halo ikta; klahowyum. (without anything; miserable, destitute) POPE-lepap. POPULAR-kloshe kopa hiyu tillikums. (good for many people) Ticky kopa hiyu tillikums - wanted/liked by many people - also seems likely. POPULATION-tillikums. Tillikums is almost always plural, and refers to people in general, rather than to a specific people or person(s). PORK-cosho; cosho itlwillie. (pig, pig flesh, pig meat) As in many languages, the name of an animal and the term for its meat could be the same in the Jargon, as with deer/venison, calf/veal, cattle/beef, etc. POSSESS-mitlite. (to be, to stay, to rest, to exist, to be alive) I suspect that Shaw's context of possess here may be a period one slightly different from to own. To have or to hold would normally be iskum, which is also given for to own. Elsewhere Shaw gives mitlite for to wear (clothes), so perhaps by possess here he means to be possessing of certain faculties, or self-possession, or something along those lines. POSSIBLE-skookum kopa. (able to, strong towards, i.e. capable of) POSTMASTER-tyee kopa papah house. (chief/boss of the post office) Papah house - paper house - was ideomatic for post office. Tyee was used for any official or person of rank. POSTPONE-wawa "alki mamook". (say "do it later") I don't know why Shaw didn't also cite wawa tomollah - to say tomorrow or wawa tomollah mamook - say do it tomorrow - which seem equivalent. POTATO-wappato; lapatak. POTENT-skookum. (strong, powerful) POUND-pound; till. (weight, heavy) To pound would be mamook kokshut - to hit, to smite - and an English pound, as in currency, would be Kingchautsh dolla. POUR-mahsh; wagh. (to discharge, to put out; to pour out) POVERTY-klahowum. (misery, destitution) Klahowum is a misprint; klahowyum was intended. The -um spelling was only a convention; other than in print this word was indistinguishable from the klahowya spelling used when a greeting was meant. POWDER-polallie. Polallie also means flour and sand. POWER-skookum. (strength, big, powerful) PRACTICE-mamook. (to do, to use) More conveying the sense of to rehearse might be mamook weght pe weght - do over and over. perhaps with kopa mamook elip kloshe - so as to do better - attached on the end. PRAIRIE-kloshe illahee; tupso illahee. (good land, grass land) That is, land you can do something with. In the mountainous Northwest, only the warm valley bottoms and other flatlands and lowlands were suitable for farming or other settlement; much of the Interior of Washington is prairie, and there is a similar grassland in the Rocky Mountain Trench astride the Canadian-American border known as St. Joseph's Prairie. Kloshe illahee also means farmland as well as valley (i.e. valley bottom). PRAIRIE WOLF-talapus; hyas opoots talapus. (Pig tail wolf). (coyote) What is in brackets seems a misprint; big tail wolf was meant. Coyote are notable for their large, bushy tails. PRAISE-wawa mahsie. (say thanks, give thanks) Shaw's context here is religious. To praise someone would be mamook kloshe wawa kopa - to say good words about/to. PRAY-wawa kopa Saghalie Tyee. (speak to God, words for God) PRAYER-wawa kopa Saghalie Tyee; plie; laprier; talapusha. (words for God, speech to God) Talapusha may be related to the paramount significance of Coyote - talapus - in the indigenous beliefs of many native peoples, i.e. words addressed to Coyote. It may have been used for Christian prayer, but its origins seem decidedly "pagan". PREACHER-leplet. (priest) This word was used for Protestant clergy, despite its origin concerning the Catholic priesthood. PRECIOUS-hyas kloshe; hyas mahkook. (very good, greatly good; big purchase, i.e. very expensive) The former could mean precious in the affectionate or personal sense, or very good to have; both terms could mean very expensive. PRECISE-delate. (straight, true, correct, exact) PREFER-elip ticky. (more want, like first, like best) PREGNANT-mitlite tenas kopa yaka belly. (to be with child in her belly) This is one of the instances were mitlite can mean to have or to possess. PREPARE-mamook kloshe. (to make good, to do well) Mamook kloshe also means to fix, to repair, to mend, to heal, etc. PRESENT-(n.v.) cultus potlatch. (meaningless gift, useless gift) This compound may mean both noun and verb. The sense here is of humility in the receiver, the giver, and/or the gift itself. It appears that potlatch, which technically means to give or to present or any object given, by itself carried a meaning of counter-obligation that the word cultus obviates by removing the sense of worth from the gift, or the giver. PRESENTLY-alki; winapie. Both terms are used to refer to the immediate (or distant) future and may be translated soon. Laly alki means very soon, and by-by was also used to mean the immediate (but not the distant) future.. Tenas by-by - a little while - also means very soon and is more or less equivalent to laly alki. PRESERVE-kloshe nanitch. (watch well, i.e. guard, protect) To preserve goods or food might be mamook mitlite kwonesum - make be forever, keep forever - or something similar. PRESIDENT-tyee kopa Washington. (Chief at Washington) President of a company, if there were need for such a term, would simply be tyee, as with any high official or personage of rank. PRESS-mamook kwotl. (to make pressed, to make squeeze, to push) Another spelling of kwotl is kwutl; note that there is a difference from kwatl or kwelth, which are equivalent to youtl in meaning proud or happy. PRETEND-halo delate mamook; wawa. (not truly do; speak) Shaw means that wawa may be substituted for mamook, depending on whether the pretense in in action or in words. PRETTY-kloshe; toketie. PREVAIL-tolo. (to win, to gain) PRICE-(what) kunsih dolla. (how many dollar, how much money) PRICK-mamook kahkwa needle. (to do like a needle, to do as with a needle) Presumably mamook kahkwa tupshin could also be used. PROUD-youtl tumtum. (to feel proud, to feel spirited) PRIEST-le plet. PRIME-elip. (first, best, most) PRINT-mamook tzum. (to make marks, i.e. to do writing) PRIOR-elip. (first, before, best, most) PRISON-skookum house. (strong house, big house) This compound was used for jails and prisons as well as any other kind of strong-house. PRISONER-tillikum kopa skookum house. (person in the strong house, person in the big house) PRIVATE-kopet ikt. (only one, alone) Depending on context, this ideom could be kopet kunamoxt or kopet mokst - only the two, only both - kopet klone, kopet okoke lakit - only three, only those four, etc. PROBABLY-klonas nowitka. (maybe yes) PROBABLY NOT-klonas halo. (maybe not) PROCLAIM, PROCLAMATION-wawa. (speak, say, speech) An important or lengthy speech or proclamation could be hyas wawa. PROFANE-wake kloshe kopa Saghalie Tyee. (not good to God, not pleasing to God) PROFIT-tolo. (to win, to gain) PROGENITOR-ahnkuttie papa. (ancient father, old-time father) In a conceptual sense, and as popularly translated into English in renderings of Sioux and other native legendary lore, this term could be translated as grandfather although it would not be used as such in the familial sense. PROHIBIT-mamook stop; mamook kopet. (to make stop, to make cease, i.e. to prevent) Wawa wake mamook - say do not do - also seems appropriate. PROMISE-delate wawa. (straight words, true talk) PROMPT-hyak. (quick, swift) PROPHET-leplet yaka wawa elip; plopet. (priest who says before, i.e. priest who predicts) PROSPER-tolo. (to win, to gain) PROTECT-kloshe nanitch. (watch well, i.e. guard, watch out for, escort) PROUD-youtl; kwelth; youtl tumtum. (to feel proud, to feel spirited) Kwelth appears to be equivalent to kwatl, which Shaw gives elsewhere for pleased. PROVE-delate kumtux. (truly understand, really know, understood straightly) The active sense here must be mamook delate kumtux; the passive chako delate kumtux; either the passive or the active may also be mitlite delate kumtux or iskum delate kumtux. Without mamook, chako, mitlite, or iskum, delate kumtux appears to mean proven or at least only prove to oneself. PROVIDE-iskum iktas; kloshe nanitch. (to have goods; to watch well, i.e. to protect, to take care of) I am unsure of the context of iskum iktas here. Potlatch iktas - to give belongings, etc. - seems more appropriate. PROVIDED, THAT-spose. (if, suppose) Shaw's comma may be superfluous, although that provided seems possible as an ideom in English of the time. PROVOKE-mamook solleks. (to make angry, to cause anger) PROVOKE-(passive) chako solleks. (to become angry, to come to anger) PROW-nose kopa boat, ship. (nose of a boat, ship) Shaw means that ship may be substituted for boat depending on the craft in question. PROWL-cultus klatawa. (aimless going, uesless movement) This may be an instance where cultus has a connotation of malicious, rather than useless or aimless. More descriptive would be kapswalla klatawa - to move stealthily. PUBLIC-kloshe kopa konaway tillikums. (good for all people) PUBLISH-mamook kumtux. (to make known) Shaw's meaning of publish here is specific, as in to make something public. To publish a book or other publication would be mamook kopa papah - make on paper - or mamook book - make a book - or something similar. PUGILIST-man yaka ticky pight. (man who likes to fight, man who wants to fight) Presumably man yaka ticky puk-puk would also be correct, and man yaka kumtux puk-puk - man who understands fistfighting - would be even more accurate. PUGNACIOUS-ticky pight. (likes to fight, wants to fight) Presumably ticky puk-puk - likes boxing, wants to box - would also be appropriate. PUKE-muckamuck yaka kilapie; kilapie muckamuck; mahsh yaka muckamuck klahanie kopa yaka lapush. (food it comes back; reverse eating; to throw his food out from his mouth) Shaw gives wagh, mahsh muckamuck, and muckamuck killapie for to vomit. At least one of the senses here for puke - muckamuck yaka killapie (food that coms back) may be a noun rather than a verb. PULL-haul. Or mamook haul. PULL OFF-mamook haul; mamook tlak. (to make pull, to make taken off) Elsewhere Shaw gives these two (with tlak spelled tlak) plus mamook klah and mahsh as meaning to take off or to take out. PUP, PUPPY-tenas kahmooks. (little dog, baby dog) PURCHASE-mahkook. Mahkook essentially means to do business, and can mean both to buy and to sell. To sell is specified by the compound mahsh mahkook, to buy by the compound iskum mahkook. Other compounds are also possible, with varying meanings. Huyhuy also means to do business, but is more in the context of bartering and trade than in buying and selling goods for money. PURE-delate kloshe. (truly good, correctly right) PURPLE-wake siah klale. (not far from black) PURPOSE-tumtum. (thought, idea, intent, to think, to feel, to intend) In semi-archaic English, purpose can be a verb as well as a noun. PURSE-dolla yaka lesak; lesak kopa dolla. (money its sack; sack for money) PURSUE-klatawa kimta. (Go after) (go behind) Shaw gives mamook hunt for to hunt. Klatawa kimta kopa iskum - follow behind to take, i.e. to catch - gives a more immediate context for to pursue. PUSH-mamook push; kwutl. (to make push) Shaw means that kwutl (also spelled kwotl) - to push, to squeeze, to press - may be used in combination with mamook in place of push; in fact it need not be and may be used by itself with the same meaning. Note that kwult/kwotl is distinct from kwatl or kwelth, which means proud or happy and is equivalent to youtl. PUT-mahsh. This is one of the main meanings of mahsh, which also means to throw, to put out, to discharge, to expel, to send, etc. plus a wide variety of idemoatic meanings in combinations. PUTRID-humm. Shaw's context here is purely one of smell. Rot and rotten are conveyed by poolie and lotten, and by mamook (or chako) poolie and mamook (or chako) lotten. It is not incidental that putrid and pourri - the French source for poolie - share the same Latin root. PUTRIFY-chako humm. (to become smelly) See previous. PUZZLE-(v.) halo klap tumtum. (to not find meaning, to not find a thought)